1型糖尿病青少年患者血糖控制和糖尿病微血管并发症

为了解1型糖尿病青少年患者的血糖控制情况、糖尿病微血管并发症的发生率及其危险因素 ,调查病程5年以上的1型糖尿病患者76例 ,平均年龄17.2±3.9岁 ,平均病程9.0±3.4年 ,检测餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1C)、尿微量白蛋白 ,眼底荧光造影等。结果显示 ,HbA1C 平均水平为 (9.7±1.7) % ;糖尿病肾病发生率为9.2% ,微量白蛋白尿 (UAER :20～200μg/min)和大量蛋白尿 (UAER>200μg/min)分别占7.9 %和1.3 %;糖尿病视网膜病变发生率为23.7% ,非增殖型16例占21.1% ,增殖型2例占2.6 % ,其中3例合并白内障。提示目前1型糖尿病青少年患者的血糖控制不理想 ,仅有18.4 %的患者HbA1C <8 % ;长病程、女性、血糖控制差是1型糖尿病青少年发生糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病的危险因素     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗血压正常胰岛素依赖性糖尿病患儿微量白蛋白尿

30%～45%胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(IDDM)患者并发症糖尿病肾病,后者是增加病死率的主要原因。肾病早期迹象是尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)持久增加,但不能用常规方法检出。微量白蛋白尿持续,预示有糖尿病肾病。本文评价血管紧张素抑制剂(ACE)Cap-topril(巯甲丙脯酸)对血压正常伴微量白蛋白尿IDDM患儿的疗效。方法糖尿病门诊210例12岁～18岁的IDDM患儿,3个月内先以1小时集尿筛查微量白蛋白尿。阳性者(AER15～200μg/分)则收集2次24小时尿液检查,以确诊AER升高。11例AER阳性,按下列标准再次筛选:(1)第3次24小时尿液微量白蛋白尿阳性;(2)IDDM病程≥2年;(3)该血压≤该年     

过敏性紫癜患儿尿中结缔组织生长因子检测及临床意义

目的 评价过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿尿中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)水平变化的临床意义.方法 将山东大学附属省立医院2006年7月至2007年3月收治的85例HSP患儿按照尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分成正常白蛋白尿组(Ⅰ组,25例)、微量白蛋白尿组(Ⅱ组,31例)和大量白蛋白尿组(Ⅲ组,29例),检测各组尿液CTGF,并与27名健康儿童进行比较.结果 各组HSP惠儿尿液CTGF质量浓度[Ⅰ组(1.332±0.704)ug/L;Ⅱ组(8.245±3.790)ug/L;Ⅲ组(11.013±5.674)ug/L]显著高于对照组[(0.547±0.329)ug/L.P＜0.05],HSP患儿各组同比较差异也有显著意义(P＜0.05),且随着尿白蛋白排泄率的增加呈递增趋势;尿CTGF与Ⅳ型胶原、UAER呈显著正相关(r=0.495,P＜0.01;r=0.542,P＜0.01).结论 CTGF在紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的发生发展中起一定的作用,尿CTGF质量浓度可作为诊断HsPN的敏感指标之一,并有助于判断病情的进展.     

过敏性紫癜患儿尿中肝细胞生长因子检测及临床意义

目的 检测不伴或伴有不同程度白蛋白尿的过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿尿中肝细胞生长因子(HGF)水平的变化,评价其临床意义.方法 选择山东大学附属省立医院儿科2007年8月至2008年4月收治的急性期HSP患儿78例,按照尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分成正常白蛋白尿组(Ⅰ组,38例)、微量白蛋白尿组(Ⅱ组,24例)和大量白蛋白尿组(Ⅲ组,16例),采用双抗体夹心ELISA方法分别检测所有患儿急性期及其中部分患儿恢复期尿HGF,与26例健康对照儿童进行比较.结果 与对照组相比,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组尿HGF水平均升高,且呈递增趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而Ⅲ组尿HGF水平与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患儿恢复期尿HGF水平为1.22±0.67较其急性期1.85±1.15明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Ⅲ组患儿恢复期尿HGF水平为1.43±0.31较其急性期0.30±0.31显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 HGF参与紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)患儿肾脏损伤的修复,尿HGF水平的监测有助于评估HSPN的病情及预后,外源性HGF的介入可能成为早期干预、防治HSPN的有效方法.     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白的测定对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床意义:附10例报告

本文测定10例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)和30例正常对照组儿童的尿系列微量蛋白,发现IDDM患儿在尿微量白蛋白排量与正常对照组相同情况下,患儿尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)排量((?)67.21μg/mmolCr)明显增高,与正常对照组((?)15.36μg/mmolCr)比较差异显著(P<0.01)。糖尿病尿RBP排量与血浆果糖胺值呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。尿RBP排量与血清C肽浓度无相关,提示尿RBP是一项较尿微量白蛋白更敏感的糖尿病肾病的早期诊断指标。     

紫癜性肾炎患儿血浆内皮素—1、vWF、D—二聚体的变化及临床意义

对14例紫癜性肾炎(SHN)、17例不伴尿常规改变过敏性紫癜(SHP)和12例正常儿童的血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)、假性血友病因子(vWF)及D-二聚体(D-D)进行了检测。结果显示:SHN患儿的血浆ET-1(88.48±22.96)ng/L、vWF(1.59±0.38)U/ml及D-D(1.45±0.39)mg/L均显著高于对照组,分别为(43.73±17.89)ng/L、(0.99±0.30)U/ml,(0.28±0.23)mg/L.P均<0.01。在治疗后,SHN患儿的血浆ET-1、vWF和D-D水平均显著下降(P均<0.01);SHN患儿的血浆ET-1和D-D水平与血清肌酐呈正相关(分别为r-O.794,P<0.01;r=0.826,P<0.01)。表明肾血管内皮损伤所致ET-1过度生成、血管内凝血及继发性纤溶可能参与本病肾损伤过程。     

1型糖尿病患儿尿微量蛋白改变的临床意义

糖尿病（diabetic mellitus,DM）随着病程的延长,将出现不同程度的微血管病变,包括肾脏损害。早期病变是可逆的,当常规尿蛋白和肾功能检查出现阳性结果即大量蛋白尿时,病变往往不可逆。因此,早期发现糖尿病肾病（diabeticnethropathy,DN）是临床亟待解决的问题。本组通过检测1型糖尿病患儿尿微量蛋白（Alb、β2-MG、THP、IgG）及血肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）水平,并与空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白AI（HbA1c）相比较,探讨其在糖尿病早期肾损害中的意义。     

肾小球高滤过对儿童 1 型糖尿病早期肾脏损害评估的临床意义#br#

目的研究肾小球高滤过(GHF)对于早期1型糖尿病肾脏病的筛查价值。方法入选100例1型糖尿病患儿,用Macisaac’s公式估算其肾小球滤过率(e GFR),并按照e GFR水平将患儿分为高滤过组43例,正常滤过率组57例,比较两组患儿的临床资料。结果高滤过组糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)及三酰甘油(TG)水平高于正常滤过率组,而血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NAGL)水平低于正常滤过率组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);高滤过组和正常滤过率组的尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶/肌酐比值(NAG/Cr)、尿α1微球蛋白/肌酐比值(α1-MG/Cr)的差异则均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,病程短、Hb A1c高为GHF的危险因素。结论 GHF可反映1型糖尿病患儿血糖、血脂的紊乱情况,其与糖尿病患儿肾脏损伤的相关性需进一步研究。     

新生儿持续肺动脉高压患儿血浆心房利钠肽、内皮素-1及血管性假血友病因子的变化

目的 探讨血浆心房利钠肽(ANP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平在新生儿持续肺动脉高压(PPHN)中的变化及意义。方法 PPHN组患儿66例(轻度26例,中度21例,重度19例),对照组为非PPHN同期住院新生儿40例。对照组患儿入院时即行心脏超声检查,PPHN组患儿均于临床出现不易纠正的低氧血症(治疗前)及治疗后7 d行心脏超声检查测定肺动脉平均压(PASP),ELISA方法测定血浆ANP、ET-1、vWF的水平。结果 治疗前PPHN组患儿血浆ANP、ET-1、vWF水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),并随PASP增加而递增。治疗7 d后轻度及中度PPHN组患儿肺动脉压力恢复正常,血浆ANP、ET-1、vWF水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;重度组各指标较治疗前明显下降但仍高于对照组。治疗前后三指标水平均与PASP呈明显正相关(P<0.01)。结论 ANP、ET-1、vWF在PPHN治疗前后呈动态变化,且可反映肺动脉压力程度,动态监测有助于判断病情指导治疗。     

肾小球高滤过对儿童1型糖尿病早期肾脏损害评估的临床意义

目的研究肾小球高滤过(GHF)对于早期1型糖尿病肾脏病的筛查价值。方法入选100例1型糖尿病患儿,用Macisaac’s公式估算其肾小球滤过率(e GFR),并按照e GFR水平将患儿分为高滤过组43例,正常滤过率组57例,比较两组患儿的临床资料。结果高滤过组糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)及三酰甘油(TG)水平高于正常滤过率组,而血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NAGL)水平低于正常滤过率组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);高滤过组和正常滤过率组的尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶/肌酐比值(NAG/Cr)、尿α1微球蛋白/肌酐比值(α1-MG/Cr)的差异则均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,病程短、Hb A1c高为GHF的危险因素。结论 GHF可反映1型糖尿病患儿血糖、血脂的紊乱情况,其与糖尿病患儿肾脏损伤的相关性需进一步研究。     

Serum and urinary cytokine homeostasis and renal tubular function in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To explore the relationships between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and the function of renal proximal tubules in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). METHODS: Fifty-six children with DM1 and 35 healthy controls were analyzed. We measured NAG (A and B isoforms) in urine as well as serum TNFalpha and urinary IL-6. RESULTS: The children with DM1 with microalbuminuria (group A) had significantly higher urinary IL-6 and serum TNFa than the children without microalbuminuria (group B). The diabetic patients with no sign of nephropathy showed significantly higher TNFalpha and NAG and its A and B isoforms in urine compared to the healthy group. Additionally, groups A and B both showed a positive significant correlation between serum TNFalpha and urinary isoform B. CONCLUSIONS: From our pilot results it appears that TNFalpha might be a sensitive marker of damage to the renal proximal tubules occurring prior to microalbuminuria. Conversely, the increase in NAG and its isoform B activity in patients with no clinical sign of diabetic nephropathy may indicate the onset of microalbuminuria.     

von Willebrand factor and its propeptide in children with diabetes. Relation between endothelial dysfunction and microalbuminuria

It has been shown that patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have elevated von Willebrand factor (vWF) plasma concentrations. Plasma fibrinogen, vWF, and its propeptide concentrations have been evaluated in 102 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to determine whether an increase of vWF and its propeptide levels precedes and may predict the development of persistent microalbuminuria. The patients have been divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of microalbuminuria at the end of follow-up. They have been followed up for at least 8 y. Control group consisted of 80 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. At the beginning of the study there was no significant difference in fibrinogen, vWF, and its propeptide levels between patients and control subjects. During the follow-up, a significant increase of plasma vWF and its propeptide has been observed in the group of patients who later developed microalbuminuria but not in those who remained normoalbuminuric. This increase started 3 y and become statistically significant (p < 0.01) 2 y before the onset of microalbuminuria, persisting until the end of the study. During the entire follow-up plasma values of fibrinogen persisted in the normal range. In conclusion, an increase in plasma concentration of vWF and its propeptide precedes microalbuminuria and, therefore, can be useful to identify children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at risk to develop incipient nephropathy later in life.     

Decreased urinary excretion of dopamine and sodium in diabetic children with incipient nephropathy.

It has been suggested previously that a decrease in urinary dopamine output might be related to a decrease in the urinary sodium excretion in subjects with diabetic nephropathy suffering from type 2 diabetes. To investigate the renal dopamine status in children with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we measured the 24-hour urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine and sodium in 12 patients with incipient nephropathy (group A, 24-hour albumin excretion rate 70-200 micrograms/min), in 20 age matched patients with normal microalbuminuria (group B, AER less than 20 micrograms/min) and in 8 healthy controls (group C). The mean values for urinary excretion of dopamine and norepinephrine were significantly lower in group A compared to groups B and C (25.6 +/- 14.8 vs. 65.9 +/- 25.5 and 73.3 +/- 18.0 micrograms/day, p less than 0.001 and 11.8 +/- 4.6 vs. 25.1 +/- 12.1 and 28.4 +/- 8.9 micrograms/day, p less than 0.01, respectively). The mean value for the urinary excretion of sodium was also significantly lower in group A than in groups B and C (98.4 +/- 24.1 vs. 206.2 +/- 59.5 and 198.1 +/- 42.8 mEq/day, p less than 0.01). The 24-hour urinary excretion of dopamine correlated significantly with the sodium excretion (r = 0.65, p less than 0.001). Arterial blood pressure was elevated in group A compared to group C (p less than 0.01). Our results suggest that a decrease in endogenous dopamine could play a role in the low urinary sodium excretion thereby resulting in sodium retention which may in turn lead to the development of higher blood pressure in diabetic children with incipient nephropathy.     

Renal Doppler indices in diabetic children with insulin resistance syndrome

Ghaffar SAE, Kaffas KE, Hegazy R, Mostafa M. Renal Doppler indices in diabetic children with insulin resistance syndrome. End‐stage renal failure is still a leading cause of mortality among type 1 diabetes patients. Insulin resistance plays a larger role in type 1 diabetes disease process than is commonly recognized. Detection of diabetic nephropathy as early as possible currently offers the best chance of delaying or possibly preventing progression to end‐stage disease. Renal resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI), measured using renal Doppler ultrasonography, reflect intrarenal vascular resistance. The present work aimed at examining renal Doppler indices (RI and PI) in type 1 diabetic children and their relation to features of insulin resistance and other established parameters of early diabetic nephropathy as microalbuminuria. One hundred diabetic children with a mean age of 13.4 ± 2.9 yr and an average diabetes duration of (7.2 ± 2.5 yr) were included. Thirty healthy children served as controls. All renal Doppler indices were significantly higher in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p ≤ 0.01). The worst parameters were observed in children diagnosed with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) (38%), hypertensive (12%), and obese (4%) children. Resisitive index showed a significant correlation to blood pressure (r = 0.2, p = 0.04), waist–hip ratio (r = 0.5, p = 0.02), insulin dose (r = 0.2, p = 0.02) and estimated glucose disposal rate (r = ?0.5, p = 0.01). No correlation was noted to microalbuminuria, HbA1c, or duration of diabetes. The present work concluded that renal Doppler indices are worse in diabetic children and particularly those with IRS. These children appear to be at graver risk for diabetic nephropathy. In these patients adding renal Doppler assessment to their work up, might diagnose diabetic nephropathy at a prealbuminuric stage.     

血栓调节蛋白、血管性假血友病因子、基质金属蛋白酶-9在过敏性紫癜肾损害早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿血浆血栓调节蛋白(TM)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在HSP肾损害早期诊断中的价值.方法 应用ELISA法检测60例健康儿童(健康对照组)及160例HSP患儿急性期血浆TM、vWF、MMP-9水平.随访6个月～1a,发生肾损害62例,非肾损害98例,按肾损害临床表现分为A组:孤立性血尿(18例)或孤立性蛋白尿(3例);B组:血尿+蛋白尿(29例);C组:大量蛋白尿(12例).比较肾损害组、非肾损害组及健康对照组中各数值变化及在肾损害不同组中的差异.结果 1.肾损害组TM[( 148.13±18.60) mg·L-1]、vWF[( 159.50±23.06)％]、MMP-9[( 36.53±7.86)mg·L-1]均高于非肾损害组[(129.49±21.22) mg·L-1、(136.98±25.48)％、(29.14±8.17) mg·L-1]及健康对照组[(113.63±20.88) mg·L-1、(121.83±24.69)％、(24.37±7.34) mg·L-1],差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05);非肾损害组与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa＞0.05).2.肾损害组:C组、B组TM[( 158.59±17.80) mg·L-1、(149.72±19.20) mg·L-1]、vWF[(169.45±23.36)％、(160.20±21.46)％]、MMP-9[ (42.66±6.31) mg· L-1、(35.88±7.33) mg·L-1]高于A组[(131.28±16.14) mg·L-1、(139.59±19.26)％、(30.16±6.89) mg· L-1],差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05);C组MMP-9水平高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而TM、vWF在2组之间差异均无统计学意义(Pa＞0.05).结论 TM、vWF、MMP-9在HSP急性期升高,可作为早期预测肾损害的指标,联合检测有利于早期预测肾损害的发生及肾损害的程度.     

Renal functional reserve in insulin dependent diabetic children

Abstract Background: Microalbuminuria has been shown to be predictive for clinical diabetic nephropathy. Renal functional reserve (RFR), as a response to protein loading in a short period of time, is a parameter to assess the ability of kidneys to increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aim of this study was to predict the early phase of diabetic nephropathy by measuring urinary albumin level and RFR capacity in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
Methods: Twenty-two patients with IDDM were studied: 11 with a disease duration of less than 5 years (group 1) and 11 with a disease duration of more than 5 years (group 2). As the control group, 15 healthy children (group 3) were included in the study. At the beginning of the study, glucose was measured and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was calculated. Average glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA₁c) over 1 year was determined. After protein loading (red meat containing 2 g/kg of protein), the creatinine clearance was calculated at each hour for a duration of 4 h. The RFR was accepted as the peak percentage increase in GFR over the baseline value.
Results: Although metabolic control in group 2 was better, the RFR in group 2 was significantly lower than in group 1 (P < 0.05). Urinary microalbumin levels between the groups did not differ (P < 0.05). In two patients in whom microalbuminuria was detected, the RFR was much lower.
Conclusions: Detecting lower RFR levels in patients with normal urinary albumin excretion, as well as in patients with microalbuminuria, may support the idea that the RFR capacity is more sensitive than microalbuminuria in assessing the early phase of diabetic nephropathy.     

Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in type I diabetes mellitus

We measured urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in relation to disease duration, acetylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hypertension and puberty in 44 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. AER and Urinary NAG activity were significantly higher in the patients compared to controls (AER 19.4 +/-; 35.8 vs 4.7 +/- 4.4, NAG activity 5.6 +/- 0.6U vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2U). Microalbuminuria was present in seven patients (15.9%), all of whom were pubertal. There was no correlation between AER and urinary NAG activity. There was a significant direct correlation between AER and disease duration (P <0.05), HbA1c (P < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (P <0.05) and puberty (P <0.05). None of the microalbuminuria related variables was significantly correlated with urinary NAG activity. Puberty was an independent factor for elevated urinary NAG activity. This study shows that urinary NAG is elevated in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, but is not associated with AER related factors except for puberty. Urinary NAG activity does not appear to be a useful marker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.     

非浓缩尿蛋白电泳在1型糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用

目的探讨非浓缩尿蛋白电泳在1型糖尿病肾病(DM)早期诊断中的意义。方法采用十二烷基黄酸钠-琼脂糖凝胶电泳法(SDS-AGE)对1型糖尿病(DM)病人47例和健康者30例行晨尿电泳,根据DM患者尿清蛋白排泄率分为DM组和DN组。结果DN组与DM组及对照组比较,清蛋白条带深且宽,DN组清蛋白条带阳性率较后两者有显著性差异(P< 0.01)。DM组和对照组比较无显著性差异。DN组可见大或小分子条带,DM组和对照组未见大或小分子条带。结论DM病人尿蛋白电泳出现较正常人深且宽的清蛋白条带,或同时出现大、小分子蛋白条带,病人进入早期DN的可能性很大。SDS- AGE可作为诊断早期DN的辅助检查手段。实用儿科临床杂志,2005,20(5):399—400     

Genetic predisposition to hypertension (as detected by Na+/Li+ countertransport) and risk of diabetic nephropathy in childhood diabetes

In order to evaluate whether insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with incipient nephropathy have an overactivity of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport (Na+/Li+ CT), 82 diabetic children and 38 healthy age-matched control subjects and their parents and grandparents were studied. The children were divided into two groups according to the presence of persistent microalbuminuria (MA). Diabetic children with MA had Na+/Li+ CT activity higher than normoalbuminuric diabetics and healthy controls. The parents and grandparents of microalbuminuric patients showed higher Na+/Li+ CT than parents and grandparents of normoalbuminuric diabetics and of the controls. This study demonstrates that predisposition to hypertension, as indicated by increased Na+/Li+ CT activity in erythrocytes, is more frequently detectable in patients with persistent microalbuminuria than in diabetics without persistent microalbuminuria or in healthy controls. Overactivity of Na+/Li+ CT is present also in parents and grandparents of diabetic children with MA. This study suggests that genetic predisposition to hypertension is more frequent in patients at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy, as well as in their parents and grandparents.     

Hematuria and hypercalciuria in children with diabetes mellitus

Hematuria of unknown origin occurs in 30% of patients with diabetic nephropathy. In nondiabetic persons, hematuria may be caused by hypercalciuria with or without nephrolithiasis. Eight children with type I diabetes mellitus, hematuria, and hypercalciuria were observed in our clinic during a 1-year period. Two of these also had evidence of renal papillary necrosis. To assess the importance of hypercalciuria in the pathogenesis of hematuria in children with diabetes mellitus, we measured urinary calcium excretion in a large population of such patients. The calcium to creatinine ratio in the urine of diabetic children (0.21 +/- 0.01) was greater than that of nondiabetic children (0.12 +/- 0.01). A calcium to creatinine ratio of 0.28 was established as the upper limit of normal in our nondiabetic population, and 27% of the diabetic children were hypercalciuric on this basis. The diabetic children with hypercalciuria also had hyperphosphaturia and a urinary CaHPO4 X 2H2O molar ion product three times that found in the nondiabetic control population. These data suggest that many children with diabetes are at risk for renal damage due to hypercalciuria. Because hypercalciuria is more common in diabetic than nondiabetic children, it may play a previously unrecognized role in the renal disease associated with diabetes mellitus.