比较阿托品和复方托吡卡胺对学龄期儿童散光的影响

目的：对6~12岁儿童使用阿托品和复方托吡卡胺麻痹睫状肌前后的散光变化进行矢量分析,探讨不同睫状肌麻痹剂对学龄期儿童散光的影响。方法：回顾性病例对照研究。收集2019年1月至2020年9月于南京医科大学附属儿童医院眼科门诊进行睫状肌麻痹验光的6~12岁儿童1 262例（1 262眼）,按使用不同睫状肌麻痹剂分为阿托品组（530眼）和复方托吡卡胺组（732眼）,均选取右眼作为研究对象。采用TOPCON KR 800型全自动电脑验光仪对所有儿童进行睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光检查,记录球镜度、柱镜度和轴向。通过Thibos矢量分析方法将散光分解为J0和J45。睫状肌麻痹前后散光各矢量成分的差异比较采用t检验,睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45的相关性采用Spearman相关分析,一致性采用Bland-Altman图描述。结果：复方托吡卡胺组睫状肌麻痹后J0成分增加0.04±0.13（t=8.34,P<0.001）。进一步按散光程度和SE高低分组,阿托品组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45差异均无统计学意义;复方托吡卡胺组J0差异在各组均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）,J45仅在高度散光组及近视组差异有统计学意义（t=-2.18,P=0.031;t=-2.67,P=0.008）。Spearman相关分析发现2组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45相关性高,Bland-Altman分析显示2组睫状肌麻痹前后J0和J45一致性均较好。结论：与阿托品相比,滴用复方托吡卡胺进行睫状肌麻痹后散光变化显著,特别是对近视或高度散光的学龄期儿童。     

角膜地形图在预测学龄前儿童散光中的应用

目的探讨角膜地形图检查在预测学龄前儿童散光中的作用。方法分析356例(679只眼)角膜地形图检查散光与睫状肌麻痹后视网膜检影的散光度数和散光轴的相互关系,采用SPSS11统计软件包分析,作配对t检验。结果角膜地形图方法组,循规散光性散光占94.62%,逆规性散光占2.15%,斜轴性散光占3.23%。散瞳检影验光方法组,循规散光性散光占95.74%,逆规性散光占2.78%,斜轴性散光占1.48%。角膜地形图方法组散光度数的分布以1.00~3.00D为主,散瞳检影验光方法组的分布以0.50~2.00D为主。角膜地形图测得的散光度为1.92±0.88D,散瞳检影验光测得的散光度为1.39±0.83D,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.974,P<0.01)。角膜地形图测得的柱镜轴向为101.46±32.57度,散瞳检影验光测得的柱镜轴向为99.73±48.12度,两者比较差别无统计学意义(t=1.08,P>0.05)。结论角膜地形图检查仅反映角膜屈光状况,对验光中散光轴的确定有一定的价值,但临床最终检查结果仍应以睫状肌麻痹后检影作为确定散光度及散光轴的标准。     

全自动电脑验光仪检测儿童散光及轴向变化的临床研究

目的:观察分析采用全自动电脑验光仪对儿童睫状肌麻痹前后散光及轴向变化的检测结果情况.方法:选取经主观验光法发现存在屈光参差儿童患者60例120眼为研究对象,根据年龄不同分为3～6岁组14例28眼、7～9岁组29例58眼、10～12岁组17例34眼,三组患者均给予复方托吡卡胺滴眼液滴眼散瞳,采用全自动电脑验光仪检测三组儿童睫状肌麻痹前后患者球镜度数、柱镜度数、散光轴向,并进行自身对照分析.结果:睫状肌麻痹前后各年龄段儿童球镜度数、柱镜度数均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),散光轴位变化无统计学差异(P＞0.05).睫状肌麻痹后全自动电脑综合验光仪验光结果与检影验光结果符合率中,3～6岁组患者球镜、柱镜屈光度符合率低于7～9岁组和10 ～12岁组.结论:全自动电脑验光仪在儿童睫状肌麻痹后可较为准确地获取屈光度,操作简便,与检影验光比较符合率较高,可作为3～12岁儿童配镜处方依据.     

视力低常学龄前儿童散光特征及分析

目的了解学龄前儿童散光性质、散光度、散光轴向分布情况。方法 1%阿托品眼膏常规散瞳检影验光。结果学龄前儿童散光度大多分布在0.50D～2.00D之间,散光轴向：顺规散光占96.24%,逆规散光占2.14%,斜轴散光1.62%。结论学龄前儿童散光以顺规散光为主,逆规散光次之,斜轴散光最少见,散光情况则以远视散光为主。     

六至七岁儿童983只散光眼散光状态分析

目的：对6-7岁视力低常儿童983只散光眼的散光状态进行分析。方法：对6-7岁视力低常儿童检查中检出的≥0．50D的983只散光眼进行统计分析。结果：6-7岁视力低常儿童983只散光眼中复性远视散光占62.97％，，混合散光占23．19％；顺规性散光占90.34％，逆规性散光占0．41％，斜轴散光占9．25％。散光程度：0．50D-1．00D占37．03％，1.25D-2．00D占34．49％，2．25D-3．00D占18．62％，3．25D-4．00D占7．83％，≥4．25D占2．03％。双眼散光占80．77％，单眼散光占19．33％。结论：6-7岁视力低常儿童983只散光眼中散光类型以复性远视散光多见，散光轴向分布以顺规性散光为主。散光程度多在3．00D以下。     

散光相关性屈光不正近视化状况

目的 探究散光相关性屈光不正近视化进程的状况.方法 病例系列研究.选取4～6岁散光儿童210例（412眼）,男114例,女96例.检测其最佳矫正视力、眼轴长度、扩瞳验光度数（1%硫酸阿托品滴眼液）等指标,随访24个月.应用SAS 9.2统计软件中的混合效应模型,分析不同度数和轴向的散光对球性屈光不正度数和眼轴长度的影响.结果 2年内,210例儿童中散光度数越高,眼轴长度和近视度数增加越显著（F分别为7.380、10.636,P均＜0.01）;超高度组明显重于轻、中、高度组（P均＜0.05）,而轻度与中度组差异不明显;眼轴长度和近视度数增加值在轻度组分别为（0.19±0.10）mm、（0.78±0.79）D,中度组为（0.20±0.14）mm、（0.94±0.79）D,高度组为（0.33±0.14）mm、（1.36±0.68）D,超高度组为（0.38±0.12）mm、（1.60±0.58）D.2年内,散光轴向对儿童眼轴长度和近视度数存在影响（F分别为12.351、12.384,P均＜0.01）;顺规性散光组近视度数增加最少,斜轴性散光组眼轴长度增加最多（P＜0.05）,而斜轴和逆规组眼轴、近视程度增加值组间差异无统计学意义：眼轴长度和近视度数增加值在顺规组分别为（0.20±0.17）mm、（0.74±0.49）D,逆规组为（0.28±0.17）mm、（1.26±0.98）D,斜轴组为（0.43±0.20）mm、（1.61±0.74）D.结论 在眼睛近视化过程中,散光度数越高,近视化进程越快：斜轴散光对近视进展的影响较顺规散光、逆规散光大.故在近视防治工作中要充分考虑到散光对近视化的影响. 关键词：散光;近视化;眼轴;儿童     

北京市通州区学龄前儿童散光分布特征及对视力的影响

目的：调查北京市通州区学龄前儿童散光分布特征，讨论其散光分布类型、程度及对学龄前儿童视力的影响。明确睫状肌麻痹验光对散光数值检测有无影响。方法：横断面研究。于2021-12/2022-01采取整群随机抽样法对北京市通州区1 498名学龄前儿童2 996眼，其中男791名，女707名，3-&#x003C;4岁222名，4-&#x003C;5岁521名，5-&#x003C;6岁647名，6-&#x003C;7岁108名，进行视力、眼前节、电脑验光及睫状肌麻痹验光检查。结果：睫状肌麻痹前散光率为61.88%(927/1498)，睫状肌麻痹后散光率为64.02%(959/1498)(P=0.095)。睫状肌麻痹后轻度散光率为51.87%(777/1498)，中度散光率为9.41%(141/1498)，重度散光率为2.74%(41/1498)； 各年龄组均以顺规散光为主； 复合远视散光最多。散光导致视力低常者中：低度散光占9.38%，中度散光占25.4%，重度散光占52.6%。结论：学龄前儿童散光发病率较高，轻度散光为主； 睫状肌麻痹验光对散光检出率无明显影响，随着散光度数的增加，其对视力的影响越大。     

昆明市婴幼儿眼散光状态的调查研究

目的 调查和了解婴幼儿眼散光状态，以利于正确测定及合理矫正婴幼儿散光，尽早治疗和预防弱视。方法 用托品酰胺眼液麻痹睫状肌后，对１１４６名１月～３岁婴幼儿的２２９１眼进行视网膜检影验光，并对其中的５６０眼散光进行统计学分析。结果散光３０３例５６０眼，占２４．４４％；其中混合散光２５眼，占１．０９％；〉１．００Ｄ的散光为１３．７５％，最大散光度４．００Ｄ，９２．７８％为顺规散光。结论 昆明市婴幼儿眼散     

手持自动验光仪筛查儿童屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的探讨NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪筛查学龄期儿童屈光不正的有效性与可行性，试确定在非睫状肌麻痹状态下筛查儿童屈光不正的阳性界值。方法样本来自人群为基础的流行病学调查资料，采用系统抽样方法，随机抽取7～16岁儿童300名，600只眼。用NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪分别在睫状肌麻痹前后测定其双眼屈光状态。分析睫状肌麻痹前后双眼屈光状态差异，计算不同筛查阳性界值的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数和阳性预测值。结果睫状肌麻痹前后双眼等效球镜度变化差异有显著性，散瞳后近视度数减少、远视度数增加；柱镜度和散光轴向变化差异无显著性。比较各年龄组睫状肌麻痹前后等效球镜度数变化，发现7～8岁、9～10岁和11～12岁组差异无显著性，13～14岁和15～16岁组差异亦无显著性；而7～12岁与13～16岁组差异有显著性。在非睫状肌麻痹状态下设定不同的儿童屈光不正筛查界值，发现7～12岁组选用≥-2．50D，13～16岁组选用≥-2．0D作为筛查近视的阳性界值，具有较好的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数和阳性预测值。结论利用NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪在非睫状肌麻痹状态下检查儿童屈光状态，可以作为筛查学龄期儿童屈光不正的有效手段之一。     

儿童总散光与角膜散光及眼内散光的多重线性回归分析

目的：探讨儿童眼总散光与角膜散光、眼内散光的线性关系。方法：系列病例研究。选取2018年 6─12月在连云港市妇幼保健院行睫状肌麻痹验光且散光度≥1.00 D的3～6岁儿童,按入选标准选 取76例（126眼）,收集睫状肌麻痹后角膜散光度及轴位、眼总散光度及轴位4组数据。运用矢量的 平行四边形法则及三角函数公式分析并计算眼内散光度及轴向,对总散光度与角膜散光度、眼内 散光度做多重线性回归分析。结果：眼总散光度与角膜散光度、眼内散光度遵循Ctotal=0.004+0.988 ×Ccorneal+0.928×Cintraocular（R2 =0.998,P<0.001）。眼总散光轴向与角膜散光轴向、眼内散光轴向遵循 Atotal=48.391+0.708×Acorneal-0.185×Aintraocular（R2 =0.531,P<0.001）。126只散光眼的眼内散光中远视性 散光92眼（73.0%）,散光度最小值+0.25 D,最大值+2.00 D,平均（+0.58±0.29）D;近视性散光34眼 （27.0%）,散光度最小值-0.03 D,最大值-1.03 D,平均（-0.26±0.24）D。结论：眼总散光度与角膜 散光度、眼内散光度呈高度线性相关。可通过公式Ctotal=0.004+0.988×Ccorneal+0.928×Cintraocular反推计 算出眼内散光度,且准确性高。大部分眼内散光对角膜散光起补偿抵消作用,对角膜散光轴向影响小, 眼内散光以逆规散光为主。     

The pattern of astigmatism in a Canadian preschool population

PURPOSE. To measure magnitude, type, and central tendency of astigmatism found in a county-wide population of Canadian preschool children (mean age, 48.1 months). METHODS. Noncycloplegic autorefractive measures were taken in 1179 children attending a preschool health fair operated by their county board of health. Spherocylinder measures were transformed into three independent components. RESULTS. The equivalent sphere showed considerable variation between retinoscopy and autorefraction that was attributed to the variable overaccommodation induced by the autorefractor. Astigmatic components were not affected. Small discrepancies between the two techniques were similar to those in adults and were not of sufficient magnitude to affect validity. With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism of at least 0.25 D was the most frequent form (45%) followed by against-the-rule (ATR; 40%) and oblique (15%). The 95th percentile for cylinder magnitude was found at 1.25 D. Astigmatisms beyond this value were predominately WTR. The mean (negative) cylinder magnitude was 0.08 Dx 015 degrees. CONCLUSIONS. When spherocylinder values are transformed into a mathematical continuum rather than WTR and ATR classifications, the true central tendency of the population is better defined and is close to zero. Astigmatisms of more than 1.25 D in the preschool child exceed the 95th percentile in this population and were more frequently WTR.     

Corneal and lenticular components of total astigmatism in a preschool sample.

PURPOSE: To examine the contribution of corneal and lenticular components to total astigmatism in preschool low and high astigmats to determine whether there was any compensation for high astigmatism by the lenticular component. METHODS: Cycloplegic refractive and keratometric measures using the Retinomax K-Plus (Nikon Inc., Melville, NY) were conducted on 129 children (mean age, 51.1 +/- 8.4 mo) in Oxford County, Canada. We divided the sample into high astigmats (total cylinder > or =1 D; mean, 1.38 +/- 0.43 D; n = 29) and normal astigmats (total cylinder < or =0.75 D; mean, 0.22 +/- 0.20 D; n = 100). Measures of total and corneal cylinder were transposed into J0 and J45 components, where positive and negative J0 values quantified with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule astigmatisms, respectively, and J45 quantified oblique astigmatism. RESULTS: WTR astigmatism was dominant in both the high and normal astigmatic group. J0 and J45 components of corneal astigmatism were highly correlated with total astigmatism in high astigmats, whereas only J0 was significantly correlated with total astigmatism in normal astigmats. Although the magnitude of total and corneal cylinder was significantly greater in high astigmats, overall lenticular cylinder was similar in both groups. However, the Fourier transforms showed high astigmats to have significantly lower lenticular J0 and higher lenticular J45 than the normal astigmats. CONCLUSIONS: Astigmatism in 3- to 5-year-old children is primarily corneal. In preschool children, the lens does not vary in response to high amounts of corneal WTR astigmatism, and in fact, it increases the oblique astigmatism component when the corneal component is high. In high astigmats, lenticular astigmatism contributes to both J0 and J45 components, whereas the corneal contribution is primarily J0.     

Astigmatism in 12-year-old Australian children: comparisons with a 6-year-old population

PURPOSE: To study the distributions of refractive (RA), corneal (CA), and internal astigmatism (IA) in 12-year-old Australian children and to explore differences from previous findings in 6-year-old children. METHODS: Eligible year 7 students (2353/3144 [75.3%], median age, 12 years) from a random cluster sample of 21 high schools in Sydney, Australia, were examined by keratometry, cycloplegic autorefraction, and review of questionnaire data. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of RA, CA, and IA > or =1.0 D in right eyes were 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0-8.4), 26.6% (CI, 22.1-31.1), and 26.5% (CI, 22.9-30.0), respectively. RA was predominantly with-the-rule (WTR; 40.4%, CI, 32.6 to 48.2) and against-the-rule (ATR; 43.6%, CI, 35.7-51.5), CA was WTR (88.8%, CI, 86.3-91.3), and IA was ATR (90.2%, CI, 87.8-92.6). The girls had significantly greater CA and IA prevalence, with greater ATR astigmatism and lower oblique IA than did the boys. The European white-Australian children had lower CA prevalence than did the East Asian-Australian children and higher IA prevalence than did the South Asian-Australian children. Ethnic differences in RA prevalence were not significant, when adjusted for confounders. RA was more frequently ATR in European white than in other ethnic groups. Compensation between CA and IA reduced the magnitude of RA. Comparison with the data on 6-year-old children revealed minimal differences for all astigmatic components. CONCLUSIONS: There was a relatively low prevalence of RA, due to compensation between CA and IA. The minimal differences in all components of astigmatism between the two age cohorts suggest that astigmatism is stable between ages 6 and 12 years, although this conclusion needs to be confirmed in longitudinal studies.     

Prevalence and variation of astigmatism in a military population

Astigmatism is a common refractive anomaly. Observations on 1112 consecutive patients from a military optometric clinical population were taken to establish the prevalence of astigmatism and the incidence of its different variations. Astigmatism was found to exist in about 63% of the eyes. It was found that with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism were the predominant types of astigmatism, and that approximately 70% of astigmatism found required 1.00D of correcting cylinder power or less. One objective of the study was to discover if a statistically significant difference existed between right and left eyes when comparing the mean correcting minus cylinder axes for WTR, ATR, and oblique types of astigmatism. This was shown to exist for WTR and ATR astigmatism. Further studies to determine the etiology of this difference are indicated.     

Acrysof Toric人工晶状体植入矫正白内障术前角膜散光的短期观察

目的 评价超声乳化白内障吸除术中Acrysof Tofic人工晶状体(IOL)植入矫正白内障伴术前角膜散光的早期临床效果,及其有效性、安全性和预测性.方法 前瞻性病例系列研究.植入Acrysof Toric IOL的年龄相关性白内障患者60例(71只眼),观察其术前、术后的IogMAR裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、术前角膜散光、术后残留散光、术后残留球镜、IOL轴位等.术后残留散光根据柱镜轴向分为散光全矫,残留斜轴散光(45°/135°±30°),残留顺规散光(90°±15°),残留逆规散光(180°±15°),并收集各类散光组中散光为0.50～0.75 D者的裸眼远近视力.随访3个月.采用非参数检验秩和检验和Friedman检验等对数据进行统计学分析.结果 裸眼远视力中位数:术前为0.80;术后3个月为0.20.散光中位数:术前为2.02 D,术前预计残留散光为0.34 D,术后3个月为0.67 D.IOL术后1 d定位和预计轴位差值为1.58°±2.30°.3个月时旋转1.63°±1.83°,96%旋转小于5.00°.未发现一例手术并发症.裸眼近视力中位数:散光全矫组0.50,残留顺规散光组0.50,残留逆规散光组0.21,残留斜轴散光组0.30;裸眼远视力中位数:散光全矫组0.10;残留顺规散光组0.26;残留逆规散光组0.15.残留斜轴散光组0.20;非参数统计分析结果提示:裸眼远视力,残留逆规散光组与顺规散光组比较,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.00,P=0.000),而与斜轴散光组,散光全矫组之间的差异无统计学意义(t=0.49,P=0.623;t=2.00,P=0.061);裸眼近视力,逆规散光组最佳,而且与顺规散光组,斜轴散光组,散光全矫组的差异均具有统计学意义(t分别为6.95,2.60,6.52,P分别为0.000,0.011,0.000).结论 超声乳化白内障吸除术中Acrysof Toric IOL植入是一种有效、安全,可预测的矫正年龄相关性白内障伴术前角膜散光的方法.术后残留少量的逆规近视性散光可以在不明显影响裸眼远视力基础上获得较好的裸眼近视力.     

The effect of monocularly and binocularly induced astigmatic blur on depth discrimination is orientation dependent.

PURPOSE: Naturally occurring astigmatism varies according to the age of the person. Although uncorrected astigmatism may be associated with meridional amblyopia, there is little information of its effect on stereopsis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of astigmatism on depth discrimination and whether this was dependent on the axis of the astigmatism. METHODS: Astigmatic blur was induced in four healthy subjects (mean age, 31.5 years; range, 22 to 42 years) using plain cylinders (-8.75 D to +11.5 D) for orientation control and Jackson cross-cylinders (0 to 12 D) for spherical neutrality. Horizontal, vertical, and oblique astigmatism was induced with five monocular and three binocular axis steps. Depth discrimination was recorded at near using Frisby, TNO, and Titmus stereoacuity tests and at distance (4 m) using the variable distance stereoacuity test. Visual acuity was recorded at 0.4 m and 4 m. RESULTS: Visual acuity and depth discrimination degraded with increasing astigmatic blur. The effect of monocular astigmatic blur on depth discrimination and visual acuity was not dependent on the axis of orientation. For binocular astigmatic blur, the reduction in depth discrimination was dependent on the axis of the induced astigmatism (p < 0.01). The maximum effect occurred with orthogonal-oblique orientations (x45 left; x135 right), followed by against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism; with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism had the least effect (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The lesser effect of WTR compared with ATR astigmatic blur on depth discrimination may reflect the contribution of horizontal compared with nonhorizontal disparity processing in stereopsis. The pronounced effect of oblique astigmatic blur may be because of the effects on horizontal and nonhorizontal disparity and interocular differential image blur.     

Astigmatic axis is related to the level of spherical ametropia.

PURPOSE: Against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism has been shown to be a risk factor for subsequent myopia development. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between astigmatic axis and the level of spherical ametropia in both myopes and hypermetropes. METHODS: Astigmatic axes were analyzed in two distinct cohorts. First, 53 high myopes from families that were recruited for linkage analysis were compared with an age-matched control group derived from family members. Second, cross-sectional data were analyzed for 90,884 subjects attending 19 optometric practices in the north of England. Initially, the relationship between astigmatic axis and cylinder power and between axis and sphere power were analyzed in 21- to 40-year olds and 21- to 30-year olds, respectively, to control for the effects of age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed using data for all compound astigmats in the cohort to examine the effect of sphere power, cylinder power, age, and sex on the odds of subjects having either ATR or with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism. RESULTS: In the genetic study cohort, there was an excess of WTR astigmats in the high myopes compared with controls, but this only reached significance for the right eye. In the much larger optometric practice sample, the association of WTR astigmatism with high myopia was highly significant. A parallel increase in WTR astigmatism was also found for high hypermetropes. In addition, the odds of having WTR astigmatism were increased if subjects were young or had a high cylinder power. ATR astigmatism occurred more often with increasing age and in subjects with lower spherical ametropia. Indeed, for 21- to 30-year-old subjects with low myopia (> or =-2.00 DS in the least minus meridian), ATR occurred more often than WTR astigmatism. CONCLUSION: Astigmatic axis was found to be related to the level of ametropia, with both a higher spherical component or higher cylinder power increasing the odds of astigmatism being WTR. Low ametropes, particularly myopes, were more likely to have axes ATR.     

虹膜识别技术在准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术治疗近视性散光中的临床研究

目的评价虹膜识别技术应用于准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）治疗近视性散光的准确性、稳定性及可预测性。方法采用虹膜识别引导的LASIK治疗近视散光患者97例（183只眼）,按术前柱镜度数分为3组：1组（-0．50～-1．00D）79只眼,2组（-1．25～-2．00D）70只眼,3组（-2．25～4．00D）34只眼;按术前柱镜轴向分为组A（循规散光）106只眼、组B（逆规散光）43只眼、组C（斜轴散光）34只眼。术前采集散瞳前后的虹膜数据和波阵面像差数据,经过虹膜识别后形成ate文件,将该数据同Orbsesn角膜地形图系统产生的ore文件相结合设计手术方案形成tls文件,导入准分子激光系统,激光器对平卧位时术眼再次进行虹膜识别,确定瞳孔中心偏移量和眼球旋转角度,在治疗时加以补偿,术中三维眼球自动跟踪系统监测眼球运动。观察手术前后不同时期的视力、散光度及轴向变化。结果术中检测出瞳孔中心总体的偏移量为X轴方向（0．41±98．90）μm、Y轴方向（109．15±141．35）μm、眼球旋转偏移角度0．83°±3．40°,术中对其加以补偿。术后6个月裸眼视力≥0．5者183只眼（100．0％）,≥1．0者169只眼（92．3％）,散光度由术前（-1．54±0．65）D减少为术后6个月的（-0．26±0．25）D,对术后各时间点的样本总体散光度进行单因素方差分析,差异有统计学意义（F=5．74,P〈0．01）。各组间两两比较采用SNK检验,术后1周与1、3、6个月比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后1、3、6个月之间差异无统计学意义（P=0．88）。术后6个月顺规散光下降为45只眼（24．6％）,逆规散光下降为31只眼（16．6％）,斜轴散光上升为38只眼（21．0％）,术后6个月有69只眼（37．8％）成为无散光眼。结论虹膜识别引导的LASIK治疗近视散光效果良好,准确性及可预测性较高,是目前精确、先进、有效的散光治疗方法之一。     

Astigmatism outcomes of horizontal temporal versus nasal clear corneal incision cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To compare the short- and long-term astigmatism outcomes after cataract surgery using temporal clear horizontal corneal incisions and nasal horizontal clear corneal incisions. SETTING: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. METHODS: This retrospective study included a consecutive series of eyes having phacoemulsification with implantation of a 6.0 mm foldable acrylic intraocular lens through a 3.5 mm horizontal clear corneal incision at 180 degrees (temporal incision in right eyes, nasal incision in left eyes). Astigmatism was measured by keratometry readings before surgery and 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean preoperative astigmatism in the 178 eyes (94 right, 84 left) of 161 patients was 0.78 diopter (D); 54.5% of eyes had against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism, 22.5% had with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, and 14.0% were astigmatically neutral. A significant shift toward WTR astigmatism occurred postoperatively. At 6 weeks, 48.3% of eyes had WTR astigmatism and 23.0% had ATR astigmatism. At 12 months, 43.8% had WTR astigmatism and 25.8% had ATR astigmatism. Vector analysis revealed a mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) of 1.17 D at 6 weeks and 1.04 D at 12 months. The side of the incision significantly affected SIA. At 6 weeks, temporal incisions yielded a mean SIA of 0.74 D and the nasal incisions, of 1.65 D. This trend in SIA persisted at 12 months: 0.71 D for temporal incisions and 1.41 D for nasal incisions. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery using a horizontal clear corneal incision induced WTR astigmatism 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively. Temporal incisions induced significantly less astigmatism than nasal incisions.     

年龄相关性白内障患者14万例角膜前表面散光的分布特征

目的分析中国18家医院的14万例年龄相关性白内障患者角膜前表面散光的分布特征。方法回顾性系列病例研究。连续性收集2015年7月至2018年10月于中国18家爱尔眼科医院就诊的40岁以上年龄相关性白内障患者143889例(143889只右眼)的眼部生物学参数资料。角膜前表面散光度数和轴向、前房深度、角膜屈光力、眼轴长度等眼球参数采用IOLMaster 500测量,获取3次测量结果的平均值。各医院将资料整理分析后提交给武汉爱尔眼科医院进行总体分析。非正态分布数据以M(P25~P75)表示;采用Mann-Whitney检验、Kruskal-Wallis检验、χ²检验等分析角膜前表面散光度数和轴向在不同性别、年龄、前房深度、角膜屈光力、眼轴长度中的分布差异。结果143889例患者中女性84319例,男性59570例;年龄为72(65~78)岁;角膜散光度数为0.84(0.51~1.33)D,散光度数≥0.75 D者80895例(56.22%),散光度数≥1.00 D者57304例(39.83%)。女性角膜散光度数为0.87(0.53~1.37)D,男性为0.82(0.50~1.29)D(U=-14.891);女性顺规散光比例为33.26%(28046/84319),逆规散光比例为49.08%(41385/84319);男性顺规散光比例为34.26%(20408/59570),逆规散光比例为46.91%(27945/59570)(χ²=70.913),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。随年龄增加,角膜散光度数先由0.94(0.57~1.48)D减少至0.75(0.46~1.18)D,后又增大至1.19(0.74~1.79)D,差异有统计学意义(H=1263.438,P<0.05),变化的转折在61~70岁。随着年龄的增大,顺规散光比例减小[由77.50%(396/511)减少至12.50%(3/24)],逆规散光比例增大[由11.15%(57/511)增大至79.07%(34/43)],斜向散光比例变化不大[17.02%(16/94)至19.92%(245/1230)],分布差异有统计学意义(χ²=10174.496,P<0.05)。前房越浅,角膜散光度数越大,由0.82(0.51~1.31)D增大至1.05(0.61~1.56)D;逆规散光比例越大,由47.32%(60207/127227)增大至51.69%(184/356),差异均有统计学意义(H=409.961,χ2=120.995;均P<0.05)。平均角膜屈光力越大,角膜散光度数越大,由0.80(0.49~1.33)D增大至0.95(0.58~1.53)D;逆规散光比例越小,由52.84%(4963/9392)减小至39.97%(9023/22577),差异均有统计学意义(H=808.562,χ²=752.147;均P<0.05)。不同眼轴长度相比,当眼轴长度>25.00 mm时,角膜散光度数最大,为1.04(0.62~1.65)D;逆规散光比例最大,为49.00%(10964/22376),差异均有统计学意义(H=2071.198,χ²=131.130;均P<0.05)。结论年龄相关性白内障患者角膜前表面散光轴向以逆规散光为主。随着年龄的增大,角膜散光度数有先减小后增加的趋势。65岁为顺规散光向逆规散光变化的转折点。前房越浅,角膜前表面散光度数以及逆规散光比例越大。当眼轴长度>25.00 mm时,角膜前表面散光度数和逆规散光比例最大。