青少年失眠状况和睡眠质量及二者相关性分析

目的调查青少年失眠状况和睡眠质量及二者之间的相关性。方法对技工学校学生统一发放4733份调查问卷,最终获得有效问卷3342份,记录社会人口学资料,包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、健康状况、户籍、是否为独生子女、父母受教育程度、家庭收入、学习压力、吸烟和饮酒等,以及睡眠和情绪相关量表评分,包括失眠严重指数(ISI)中文版、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和Beck抑郁量表(BDI)。结果 3342名青少年中存在失眠997例(29.83%)、日间嗜睡568例(17.00%)、焦虑243例(7.27%)和抑郁1287例(38.51%)。根据ISI中文版评分分为非失眠组(2345名)和失眠组(997例),失眠组女性(P=0.000)、健康状况不良(P=0.000)、非独生子女(P=0.006)、有学习压力(P=0.000)和吸烟(P=0.027)比例,以及ISI中文版评分(P=0.000)、ESS评分(P=0.000)、SAS评分(P=0.000)和BDI评分(P=0.000)均高于非失眠组。Pearson相关分析显示,ISI中文版评分和PSQI评分均与ESS评分(r=0.361,P=0.000;r=0.064,P=0.000)、SAS评分(r=0.326,P=0.000;r=0.069,P=0.000)和BDI评分(r=0.529,P=0.000;r=0.067,P=0.000)呈正相关,且ISI中文版评分的上述相关性(r=0.300～0.600)高于PSQI评分(r0.100)。进一步偏相关分析显示,ISI中文版评分与PSQI评分呈负相关(r=-0.056,P=0.001)。结论失眠组女性更多、健康状况更差、非独生子女更多、学习压力更大、吸烟比例更高,以及日间嗜睡、焦虑和抑郁更严重。与PSQI量表相比,ISI量表中文版与日间嗜睡、焦虑和抑郁的关系更紧密,可能更适用于筛查和评价青少年失眠状况。     

COVID-19疫情期间隔离人群的反刍思维与睡眠质量的临床现状及其相关性研究

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间隔离人群的反刍思维与睡眠质量的临床现状及其相关性研究。方法采用失眠严重指数量表(ISI)、反刍思维量表(RRS)对四川德阳某集中隔离点107例人员进行调查。结果隔离人员失眠检出率为37. 4%。相关性分析表明:反刍思维量表总分(65. 44±9. 69)与失眠严重指数量表总分(6. 47±4. 92)呈正相关(r=0. 468,P 0. 05),其中,反复深思维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 35,P 0. 05);强迫思考维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 382,P 0. 05);抑郁相关维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 468,P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示已婚为出现睡眠障碍的危险因素(P 0. 05);而年龄增加为其保护性因素(P 0. 05)。结论被隔离人员在疫情期间极易出现睡眠障碍,而反刍思维与睡眠障碍呈极强的正相关性。对于突发公共卫生事件过程中,如何通过调节反刍思维以改善睡眠障碍可能具有重要的研究价值。     

脑卒中后焦虑和抑郁障碍的影响因素分析

目的分析脑卒中后焦虑障碍(post-stroke anxiety disorder,PSAD)、脑卒中后抑郁障碍(post-stroke depression disorder,PSDD)发生的相关因素。方法对697例脑卒中患者的年龄、卒中类型、脑卒中病灶部位、神经功能缺损程度评分(national institutesof health stroke scale,NIHSS)、Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评分进行记录。按国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)的"器质性焦虑障碍"、"器质性抑郁障碍"的诊断标准分别作出PSAD和PSDD的诊断。结果 697例患者中PSAD有76例(10.90%),而PSDD有125例(17.93%)。脑出血组PS-DD发生率(26.61%)高于非脑出血组(16.33%),差异有统计学意义(2=6.60,P=0.01)。PSDD组的NIHSS评分明显高于非PS-DD组(t=-3.38,P0.01),而BI评分明显低于非PSDD组(t=4.21,P0.01)。相关结果显示,所有的情感障碍患者入院时NIHSS评分与HAMD评分、HAMA评分呈正相关(r=0.21,P0.01;r=0.15,P0.01);BI评分与HAMD评分、HAMA评分呈负相关(r=-0.18,P0.01;r=-0.19,P0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时BI评分是抑郁的保护因素(OR=0.98,95%CI=0.98～0.99,P0.01)。结论脑卒中后抑郁障碍与脑卒中类型、入院时NIHSS评分及BI评分有关。     

青少年首发抑郁症患者血清超敏C反应蛋白水平与病情相关性研究

目的:探讨青少年首发抑郁症患者在治疗前后其血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与病情严重程度的关系。方法:纳入60例青少年首发抑郁症患者(抑郁组)、60名健康青少年(对照组),抑郁组应用盐酸舍曲林治疗6周,测量抑郁组基线及治疗1、2、4、6周和对照组入组时的血清hs-CRP水平,应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)评定对照组的情绪及抑郁组的情绪变化。结果:抑郁组在治疗前及治疗1、2、4、6周测量的HAMD-24评分总分和血清hs-CRP水平均显著高于对照组(P0.01)。相关分析显示,抑郁组在治疗前及治疗1、2、4、6周的血清hs-CRP水平与HAMD-24总分及焦虑/躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓、绝望因子分呈正相关(r=0.63,P0.01;r=0.67,P0.01;r=0.35,P0.01;r=0.61,P0.01;r=0.49,P0.01)。治疗1、2、4、6周血清hs-CRP水平变化与HAMD-24变化呈正相关(r=0.40,P0.01;r=0.71,P0.01;r=0.86,P0.01;r=0.85,P0.01)。结论:血清hs-CRP水平能够反映青少年首发抑郁症患者的病情严重程度。     

青少年抑郁障碍患者失眠与自杀意念的关系：反刍思维的中介作用

目的 探讨青少年抑郁障碍患者反刍思维在失眠与自杀意念之间的中介效应,为自杀意念的干预提供参考。方法 连续选取2020年1月-12月在德阳市人民医院心身医学科就诊的、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）抑郁障碍诊断标准的302例青少年抑郁障碍患者为研究对象。使用失眠严重程度指数量表（ISI）、反刍思维量表（RRS）和青少年自杀意念量表（PANSI）对患者的睡眠情况、反刍思维和自杀意念进行评定。采用Process v3.2程序对反刍思维在失眠与自杀意念之间的中介效应进行分析,设置模型序号为4,采用偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap法对中介效应进行检验。结果 青少年抑郁障碍患者ISI评分与PANSI评分呈正相关（r=0.400,P<0.01）,与RRS总评分以及强迫思考和反省深思因子评分均呈正相关（r=0.378、0.360、0.333,P均<0.01）;RRS与PANSI评分亦呈正相关（r=0.292,P<0.01）。反刍思维在失眠与自杀意念之间起部分中介效应（β=0.174,95%CI:0.098～0.261）。结论 反刍思维在青少年抑郁障碍患者...     

原发性失眠症患者认知功能的研究

目的:探讨原发性失眠症患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用神经心理测验包括韦氏记忆(数字累加、视觉再认、视觉再生、联想学习)、数字广度、数字划消、连线测验和威斯康辛卡片分类测验(WCST)分别对35例原发性失眠症患者(失眠组)和30名健康对照者(正常对照组)进行注意力、记忆力、执行功能等方面的测评;同时应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)分别评定失眠及伴随的焦虑、抑郁症状的严重程度。结果:失眠组在数字累加、视觉再认、视觉再生、联想学习、数字广度测验的数字倒背、数字划消测验中的注意力失误率、连线测验B及BA完成时间和WCST测验的各项成绩(除正确应答数外)均明显差于正常对照组(F=4.646~28.224,P0.05或P0.01)。失眠组数字累加分与病程呈负相关(r=-0.558,P=0.001);联想学习分与PSQI评分呈负相关(r=-0.405,P=0.019);连线测验B-A时间与病程呈正相关(r=0.405,P=0.019);WCST持续错误百分比与SDS分呈正相关(r=0.309,P=0.045)。结论:原发性失眠症患者存在广泛认知功能损害,其病程、失眠程度以及伴随的焦虑抑郁情绪是导致认知功能损害的影响因素。     

帕金森病伴抑郁和焦虑共病的研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者伴抑郁和焦虑共病的发生率及其相关因素。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对480名PD患者和105名正常对照者进行评分,采用统一PD评定量表第Ⅲ部分(UPDRSⅢ)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分期评定PD患者的运动症状,采用PD非运动症状(NMS)筛查问卷(NMSQ)、PD睡眠量表(PDSS)和蒙特利尔认知测验(MOCA)评定PD患者的NMS。结果 PD组中抑郁的发生率(19.4%)明显高于正常对照组(5.7%),焦虑的发生率(30.4%)明显高于正常对照组(14.3%),抑郁和焦虑共病的发生率(15.8%)也明显高于正常对照组(5.7%)(均P<0.01)。多元Logistc回归分析显示,抑郁的发生与NMSQ评分呈正相关(OR=1.21,95%CI:1.07~1.37);焦虑的发生与女性(OR=1.91,95%CI:1.04~3.50)、H-Y分期(OR=2.87,95%CI:1.23~6.70)、UPDRSⅢ评分(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.00~1.06)及NMSQ评分(OR=1.18,95%CI:1.10~1.26)呈正相关,而与PD...     

重性抑郁障碍患者失眠严重程度与急性期疗效相关性研究

目的探讨重性抑郁障碍患者失眠严重程度与急性期疗效的相关性。方法对57例重性抑郁障碍患者用失眠严重程度指数(insomnia severity index,ISI)评估失眠程度并分组,匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)评估睡眠质量,用24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD_(24))评估患者抑郁症状,并用其减分率反映急性期治疗(4～6周)效果,比较不同失眠程度患者疗效。结果经急性期治疗,伴有轻度、中度和重度失眠的3组重性抑郁障碍患者急性期痊愈率(21/21 vs. 19/21 vs. 9/15)存在统计学差异(χ~2=22.34,P0.01),患者治疗前PSQI评分与HAMD减分率呈负相关(r=-0.44,P0.01)。治疗后,重度失眠组的HAMD总分及焦虑/躯体化、阻滞、绝望感因子分高于中度和轻度失眠组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论重性抑郁障碍患者失眠严重程度可能预测急性期疗效;经急性期治疗后,伴有重度失眠的重性抑郁障碍患者残留焦虑/躯体化、阻滞、绝望感等症状较轻中度失眠患者更明显。     

老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的危险因素。方法回顾性筛选老年慢性失眠患者107例,根据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评分将患者分为认知障碍组与非认知障碍组。比较两组患者一般临床资料、失眠严重程度指数(ISI)、匹兹堡睡眠质量量表(PSQI)评分、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、焦虑量表(HAMA)评分,睡眠观念态度量表(DBAS)评分等。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的独立危险因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,主观睡眠障碍(OR=16. 064,P=0. 003)、睡眠潜伏期(OR=10. 567,P=0. 032)、习惯性睡眠效率(OR=21. 697,P=0. 006)、睡眠紊乱(OR=24. 754,P=0. 008)是老年慢性失眠患者相关认知障碍的独立危险因素。结论主观睡眠质量差、睡眠潜伏期长、习惯性睡眠效率低、睡眠紊乱严重是老年慢性失眠患者罹患认知障碍的独立危险因素。     

青海省各民族大学生失眠现状及其与人格特征的关系

目的调查青海省各民族大学生失眠现状及其与人格特征的关系,为青海省等高海拔、多民族地区大学生失眠问题进行有针对性的防控提供参考。方法本研究为横断面调查,通过问卷星网络平台,对青海省三所高校的12 193名大学生进行问卷调查,采用失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)、中国大五人格问卷极简版(CBF-PI-15)评估大学生的失眠情况和人格特征。结果大学生ISI总评分为(6.77±4.43)分,检出4 706人(38.6%)存在失眠。回族、蒙古族大学生ISI总评分及失眠检出率均高于汉族大学生(P0.0024或0.05)。相关分析结果显示,CBF-PI-15的神经质评分与各民族大学生ISI总评分均呈正相关(r=0.330～0.463,P均0.01),而外向性评分与各民族大学生ISI总评分均呈负相关(r=-0.280～-0.183,P均0.01)。回归分析结果显示,神经质进入各民族大学生失眠的回归方程(β=0.294～0.464,P均0.01),严谨性、宜人性、外向性进入汉族、藏族等部分民族大学生失眠的回归方程(β=-0.129～-0.052,P均0.01)。结论青海省各民族大学生失眠状况存在差异,回族和蒙古族大学生失眠检出率偏高。神经质为各民族大学生失眠的危险因素,严谨性、宜人性、外向性是部分民族大学生失眠的保护因素。     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.