CT血流灌注参数对于肾动脉狭窄的肾脏血流研究价值

目的:探讨利用CT血流灌注参数研究肾动脉狭窄患者肾脏血流状况.方法:高血压患者34人,分为肾动脉狭窄组(23人)和对照组(11人),通过肾脏电影扫描获得的CT时间密度曲线测量肾脏皮质血流量,分析肾脏皮质血流量与肾动脉狭窄程度的关系.结果:肾动脉狭窄程度 ＜50%、50%～75%、＞75%肾皮质血流量(RBF)分别是 268±47.2ml/100g/min,227±39.2ml/100g/min, 225±88.2ml/100g/min,对照组RBF 345±62ml/100g/min.肾动脉狭窄＞50%的肾皮质血流量与对照组有明显差别(P＜0.05).结论:明显肾动脉狭窄的肾脏皮质RBF下降,CT血流灌注参数可以评估肾动脉狭窄导致的肾脏血流改变.     

慢性胰腺炎CT灌注表现初探

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎的CT灌注特点.资料与方法 使用16层螺旋CT对8例慢性胰腺炎患者(慢性胰腺炎组)和71例正常对照者(对照组)进行CT灌注扫描(后处理由Philips公司提供),由两名高年资影像科医师对图像进行分析.计算各组的组织血流量(BF)、组织血容量(BV)及半均通过时间(MTT)值并采用t检验统计分析各组间灌注数据的差异.结果 (1)慢性胰腺炎组胰腺头部、体部及尾部的BF值分别为(27·6±14.0)ml·100g-1·min-1、(33.1±19.8)ml.100g-1·min-1、(47.1±13.0)ml·100g-1·min-1;BV值分别为(23.8±0.9)ml/100 g、(26.1±7.6)ml/100 g、(24.3±6.7)ml/100 g.而对照组的BF分别为(63.7±22.1)ml·100g-1·min-1、(72.6±23.3)ml·100g-1·min-1、(72.0±20.1)ml·100g-1·min-1;BV值分别为(35.8±11.8)ml/100g、(35.6±15.2)ml/100 g、(35.2±11.9)ml/100 g.统计学分析显示胰腺各部的灌注参数(BF、BV)与对照组比较,均有明显的隆低(P值均＜0.01);MTT的变化差异无统计学意义.(2)双肾、脾脏的BV值、BF值和肝脏的门静脉灌注(PVP)值与对照组比较,差导无统计学意义.结论 CT灌注成像能定量分析胰腺及其周围重要器官的血流灌注特点.慢性胰腺炎患者的胰腺血流灌注显著降低,而相邻的双.肾脏、肝脏及脾脏的血流灌注没有明显异常.     

早期肝硬化肾脏MSCT灌注成像的研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注扫描评价肾脏血流灌注的方法和价值,研究早期肝硬化时肾脏血流灌注的变化规律.资料与方法 对19例经B超、CT、血生化检验、肝穿刺等确诊为早期肝硬化患者(早期肝硬化组)及17名体检者(正常组)行MSCT灌注扫描,描出其时间-密度曲线(TDC),测量并对比血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTI)和对比剂峰值时间(TTP)等灌注参数. 结果各病例CT灌注的TDC合乎数据分析要求,正常组的左肾皮质TDC呈迅速上升阶段、峰值、迅速下降阶段和相对缓慢下降或近似平衡期阶段,左肾皮质平均峰值达148.70 HU,到达峰值时间平均为10.53 s.左肾皮质BF为(367.77±39.50)ml·min-1·100 g-1,BV为(21.91±9.82)ml/100g,M1Tr为(3.91±0.72)s,TPP为(10.53±3.98)s.早期肝硬化组的左肾皮质TDC形态与正常组比较无明显改变,但TDC上升速度相对缓慢,波峰高度有所下降,早期肝硬化组皮质和髓质的BF值均低于正常组,其中皮质的BF下降明显,与正常组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而髓质的BF下降不明显,与正常组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);早期肝硬化组皮质和髓质的BV与正常组对比略有下降,两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>O.05);与正常组对比,早期肝硬化组皮质、髓质的MTT和TPP略有延长,但两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 MSCT可正确评价肾组织血流灌注变化,MSCT灌注扫描能反映早期肝硬化时肾脏的血液动力学及血流灌注的改变特点,能为临床提供早期肾损害信息,对临床的治疗有重要价值.     

CT灌注成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:探讨CT灌注成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:选取40例甲状腺病变患者,良性组32例(24例甲状腺肿、8例甲状腺腺瘤),恶性组8例,均采用常规CT平扫和同层动态灌注扫描,计算出血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、表面通透性(PS)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP),比较两组患者各种灌注参数的差异。结果:良性组BF、BV、PS、MTT及TTP值分别为(126.9±11.58)ml/(100g.min)、(35.19±2.73)ml/100g、(35.70±2.35)ml/(100g.min)、(8.41±0.92)s、(16.47±1.66)s;恶性组分别为(66.32±4.68)ml/(100g.min)、(23.23±3.88)ml/100g、(38.12±2.08)ml/(100g.min)、(15.22±0.26)s、(10.89±0.87)s。良性组与恶性组各灌注参数比较,BF和MTT差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其它参数之间差异均无统计学意义;良性组结节之间灌注参数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:CT灌注成像可对甲状腺结节微血管血流动力学状况进行量化评估,通过分析各种灌注参数的差异,对甲状腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要的价值。     

The value of CT perfusion in differential diagnosis between thyroid benign and malignant nodules

目的:探讨CT灌注成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的价值.方法:选取40例甲状腺病变患者,良性组32例(24例甲状腺肿、8例甲状腺腺瘤),恶性组8例,均采用常规CT平扫和同层动态灌注扫描,计算出血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、表面通透性(PS)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP),比较两组患者各种灌注参数的差异.结果:良性组BF、BV、PS、MTT及TTP值分别为(126.9±11.58)ml/(100g·min)、(35.19±2.73)ml/100g、(35.70±2.35)ml/(100g·min)、(8.41±0.92)s、(16.47±1.66)s;恶性组分别为(66.32±4.68)ml/(100g·min)、(23.23±3.88)ml/100g、(38.12±2.08)ml/(100g·min)、(15.22±0.26)s、(10.89±0.87)s.良性组与恶性组各灌注参数比较,BF和MTT差异有统计学意叉(P<0.05),其它参数之间差异均无统计学意义;良性组结节之间灌注参数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:CT灌注成像可对甲状腺结节微血管血流动力学状况进行量化评估,通过分析各种灌注参数的差异,对甲状腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要的价值.     

肾细胞癌MSCT灌注成像研究

目的：测定正常肾脏皮质的各灌注参数,探讨肾细胞癌的多层螺旋CT灌注表现,分析不同病理亚型肾细胞癌的灌注是否有差异。方法：73例肾细胞癌,其中透明细胞癌65例、乳头状癌3例、嫌色细胞癌5例。术前行多层螺旋CT灌注扫描,分别测量肾癌病灶、患侧肾脏及对侧肾脏正常皮质的血容量（BV）、血流量（BF）、平均通过时间（MTT）和表面通透性（PS）,并进行统计学分析。结果：正常肾脏皮质BV、BF、MTT及PS分别为（23．53±5．71）ml／100g、（454．32±110．90）ml／（min·100g）、（3．62±1．38）S、（63．95±18．85）ml／（min·100g）。肾癌病灶BV、BF、MTT及PS分别为（17．17±8．34）ml／100g,（261．96±175．86）ml／（min·100g）、（7．08±3．42）s、（25．07±13．20）ml／（min·100g）。其中透明细胞癌BV、BF、MTT及PS分别为（17．97±8．30）ml／100g,（279．61±177．02）ml／（min·100g）、（6．85±3．39）S、（25．78±12．94）ml／（min·100g）;乳头状癌BV、BF、MTT及PS分别为（4．82±2．93）ml／100g,（52．00±51．77）ml／（min·100g）、（11．74±3．63）s、（11．90±5．12）ml／（min·100g）;嫌色细胞癌BV、BF、MTT及PS分别为（14．22±3．21）ml／100g,（158．49±49．79）ml／（min·100g）、（7．26±1．77）s、（23．69±17．41）ml／（min·100g）,肾细胞癌BV、BF、PS较正常肾脏皮质减低（P〈0．01）,MTT较正常肾皮质增加（P〈0．01）。透明细胞癌BV、BF均较乳头状癌高（P〈0．05）,透明细胞癌MTT较乳头状癌低（P〈0．05）,透明细胞癌BV、BF均较嫌色细胞癌高（P〈0．05）,透明细胞癌BV、BF均较非透明细胞癌高（P〈0．05）,余各病理亚型间各参数无差异。结论：多层螺旋CT灌注扫描可以直观地反映肾细胞癌与正常肾脏组织的灌注差异,且各病理亚型的血流灌注有明显的差异。     

扫描频率和层厚选择对肾皮质CT灌注参数值的影响

目的 研究选择不同扫描频率和层厚对肾皮质CT灌注参数值的影响.方法 15例志愿者行肾脏CT灌注扫描,扫描时间为32 s.扫描层厚为5 mm,重建层厚2.5 mm.采用cine扫描模式完成扫描.然后依据间隔1 s、2 s、3 s分别选取一系列图像进行灌注分析,观察不同时间间隔灌注参数血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、毛细血管表面通透性(PS)4项灌注参数值的差异.2种层厚的对照研究采用单变量计量资料中的配对t检验;不同频率选择采用配伍设计的方差分析.结果 通过cine模式、层厚5 mm连续扫描获得肾皮质的BF、BV、MTT、PS参数值分别为(407.10±86.69) ml·min-1·100 ml-1、(21.59±3.93) ml/100 g、(3.37±0.65) s、(56.42±16.30) ml·min-1·100 ml-1.与层厚为2.5 mm肾皮质的灌注参数值比较,不同层厚BF、BV、MTT和PS组间均无统计学意义(P>0.05).另与间隔1 s、间隔2 s、间隔3 s的肾皮质灌注参数值比较,前3种扫描时间间隔对BF、BV及PS灌注参数影响不大(P>0.05).间隔3 s的图像较少,得到的各项灌注参数值均明显不同于其他的序列,且相关性较差.结论 对肾皮质CT灌注成像,间隔1 s或2 s是值得提倡的扫描模式.5 mm和2.5 mm层厚的选择对CT灌注参数值没有影响.     

乳腺肿瘤CT灌注成像价值

目的 探讨乳腺肿瘤CT灌注的诊断价值.方法 对17例钼靶X线检查发现乳腺肿块性病变(21个病灶)行CT灌注扫描,使用电影模式,0.5 s/圈 ,5 mm层厚×4,120 kV,60 mA,延迟时间10 s,总扫描时间50 s,使用GE AW4.2工作站和Perfusion 3软件包,对生成的动态图像数据和图像强度随时间变化的相关信息进行分析,考察各种与灌注相关的参数情况,并进行统计学分析.结果 乳腺癌组:血流量(BF)(36.46±17.62)ml·min-1· 100 g-1,血容量(BV)(13.76±8.59)ml/100 g,平均通过时间(MTT)(28.23±15.75)s,血管表面通透性(PS)(16.45±12.36)ml·min-1 ·100 g-1,良性肿块组血流量(BF)(17.35±10.67)ml·min-1· 100 g-1.良性肿块组:血容量(BV)(4.63±3.47)ml/100 g,平均通过时间(MTT)(25.52±12.91)s,血管表面通透性(PS)(3.57±3.36)ml·min-1 ·100 g-1.2组BF、BV、PS之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CT灌注成像提供了乳腺肿块的血流动力学信息,在乳腺肿块性病变的良恶性鉴别诊断中有较高的参考价值.     

不同海拔高度正常肾脏多层螺旋CT灌注成像的研究

目的 探讨不同海拔高度正常肾脏多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注成像的表现.方法 采用16排螺旋CT机对35例3组高海拔地区(A组20例2 260～2 500 m;B组7例3 000～3 500 m;C组8例4 000～4 500 m)的健康志愿者行肾脏灌注扫描,应用工作站上Perfusion分析软件测定正常肾脏的各项灌注参数值,并分别比较左右侧之间、不同海拔高度之间各灌注参数有无显著性差异,从而分析海拔高度、侧别是否对各灌注参数产生影响.结果 高海拔地区的正常35例(70个肾)肾皮质平均灌注量为(171.09±48.39) ml·100 ml-1·min-1,髓质平均灌注量为(57.70±28.25) ml·100 ml-1·min-1.肾皮质和髓质的峰值增强值(peak enhancement,PEI)、达峰值时间(time to peak,TTP)、血容量值(blood volume,BV)分别为(96.54±24.92) HU、(16.61±3.85) s、(55.45±11.46) ml/100 g和 (43.88±17.15) HU、(22.67±5.54) s、(22.53±6.90) ml/100 g.35例双侧肾脏各自的皮质或髓质的同一灌注指标无明显差异(P＞0.05);但同侧肾脏皮质和髓质的同一灌注指标明显不同(P＜0.05).不同海拔高度对肾脏皮髓质灌注参数值有影响,3组间比较肾皮质A组与B组的肾脏血流灌注(Per)、PEI、TTP组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组与C组的Per、TTP组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肾髓质A组与C组的Per、PEI、TTP组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MSCT灌注成像显示肾脏皮、髓质的灌注值与海拔高度有关,而与左右侧无关.     

双源CT灌注成像在肾细胞癌及肾盂癌诊断中的应用研究

目的分析双源CT(DSCT)肾细胞癌、肾盂癌灌注参数的特点,探讨灌注成像对肾细胞癌及肾盂癌诊断的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的34例肾细胞癌、15例肾盂癌,行西门子Somatom Sensation 64螺旋CT灌注扫描,应用西门子工作站分别测量肿瘤及对照组正常肾皮质的灌注参数:血流(BF)、血容量(BV)、开始时间(TTS)、达峰时间(TTP)、Patlak血管通透性(PS)、Patlak血容量(PBV)。结果①肾细胞癌BF、BV、PS、PBV低于对侧正常肾皮质(对照组),而TTP则高于对照组肾皮质,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肾细胞癌TTS高于对照组肾皮质,二者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②肾盂癌BF、BV、PS、PBV低于对侧正常肾皮质(对照组),二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肾盂癌TTS高于对照组肾皮质,而TTP则低于对照组肾皮质,二者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);③肾细胞癌BF、BV、PBV高于肾盂癌,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肾细胞癌TTS低于肾盂癌,而TTP、PS则高于肾盂癌,二者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肾细胞癌、肾盂癌及正常肾皮质DSCT灌注参数不同。DSCT灌注成像在肾脏DSCT灌注成像在肾细胞癌及肾盂癌诊断和鉴别诊断方面有一定的应用价值。     

Transluminal angioplasty in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney

Renal angioplasty in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or with renal artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney has been thought to be relatively contraindicated. We report the results of renal artery angioplasty in 18 patients, 10 with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis and eight with severe renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. Twenty-five (89%) of 28 angioplasties were successful, with a mean improvement of the degree of stenosis from 85% to 18% after angioplasty and a restoration of renal blood flow. A significant drop in mean blood pressure at admission of 187/101 mm Hg to 154/87 mm Hg at discharge, 152/86 mm Hg at 3-month, and 146/82 mm Hg at 1-year follow-up was seen. Because of the decrease in blood pressure, 11 of the patients decreased or stopped taking diuretics and 15 decreased or stopped taking antihypertensive medications. Although no significant change in renal function was found by measuring mean serum creatinine levels over time, no patient had an elevated serum creatinine level at follow-up, indicating preservation of renal function. One major complication, cholesterol embolization to the bowel, was seen. Our results suggest that angioplasty is an acceptable treatment of hypertension in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a single kidney.     

Quantification of renal perfusion abnormalities using an intravascular contrast agent (part 2): results in animals and humans with renal artery stenosis.

The interrelation between the morphologic degree of renal artery stenosis and changes in parenchymal perfusion is assessed using an intravascular contrast agent. In seven adult foxhounds, different degrees of renal artery stenosis were created with an inflatable clamp implanted around the renal artery. Dynamic susceptibility-weighted gradient-echo imaging was used to measure signal-time curves in the renal artery and the renal parenchyma during administration of 1.5 mg/kg BW of an intravascular ultrasmall particle iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agent. From the dynamic series, regional renal blood volume (rRBV), regional renal blood flow (rRBF), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated. The morphologic degree of stenosis was measured in the steady state using a high-resolution 3D contrast-enhanced (CE) MR angiography (MRA) sequence (voxel size = 0.7 x 0.7 x 1 mm(3)). Five patients with renoparenchymal damage due to long-standing renal artery stenosis were evaluated. In the animal stenosis model, cortical perfusion remained unchanged for degrees of renal artery stenosis up to 80%. With degrees of stenoses > 80%, cortical perfusion dropped to 151 +/- 54 ml/100 g of tissue per minute as compared to a baseline of 513 +/- 76 ml/100 g/min. In the patients, a substantial difference in the cortical perfusion of more than 200 +/- 40 ml/100 g/min between the normal and the ischemic kidneys was found. The results show that quantitative renal perfusion measurements in combination with 3D-CE-MRA allow the functional significance of a renal artery stenosis to be determined in a single MR exam. Differentiation between renovascular and renoparenchymal disease thus becomes feasible.     

Quantitative static and dynamic renal scintigraphy with diuresis stimulation in renovascular hypertension

The results of computer-assisted static and dynamic renal scintigraphy in 57 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) and 23 patients with essential hypertension (EH) are presented. The following parameters were quantified: renal size (RS), count density (CD), relative unilateral renal clearance (RRC), mean parenchymal transit time (PTT), difference of time-to-peak of activity (tmaxd) to stenosed minus non-stenosed side, effect of frusemide (FE) and renal parenchymal radionuclide retention (RI). Among 57 stenosed renal arteries we detected 54 (true-positive cases) and missed three (false-negative cases); among 23 patients with EH and no significant haemodynamic renal artery stenosis, we found 21 cases correctly negative and two patients falsely positive. These data yielded a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 92%. The quantification of renal radionuclide studies in renal artery stenoses minimizes false-positive results and increases their specificity. This study shows that, because of its sensitivity, quantitative renal scintigraphy reliably allows the assessment of the functional haemodynamic effects of a renovascular lesion (significant stenosis) in the diagnostic work-up and during follow-up after surgical reconstruction or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The evaluation of renal function is in general greatly supported by the quantitative parameters, yet particularly after medication with converting enzyme inhibitors and after intervention.     

Evaluation of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced breath-hold MR angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate a three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced breath-hold MR angiography sequence using standard MR gradients in detecting renal artery stenosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients referred for angiography for suspected renal artery stenosis underwent both conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and MR angiography. MR angiography was performed on a 1.5-T scanner with standard gradients. A fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-echo sequence was used with the following parameters: TR/TE, 10.3/1.9; flip angle, 45 degrees; field of view, 36 x 32 cm; matrix size, 256 x 128; one excitation; volume thickness, 70 mm; and partitions, 28. Gadolinium was administered IV as a dynamic bolus of 30-40 ml. Conventional and MR angiographic images were interpreted by two radiologists in consensus. RESULTS: DSA revealed 87 renal arteries, of which 79 were in 35 patients with native kidneys and eight arteries were in seven patients with transplanted kidneys. Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography showed 85 (98%) of 87 renal arteries. Seventeen patients had 20 significant (>50% stenosis) renal artery stenoses and five patients had five occluded renal arteries revealed by DSA. MR angiography revealed 85 renal arteries (98%), 20 stenoses (100%), and five occlusions (100%). Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography led to one false-positive interpretation for renal artery stenosis and no false-negative interpretations. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MR angiography for renal artery stenosis were 100%, 98%, and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The MR angiography pulse sequence we used was an effective and reliable technique for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. The sequence can be performed on widely available MR equipment that does not require fast gradient hardware.     

应用血管内支架治疗肾移植后肾动脉狭窄

目的：探讨肾移植后肾动脉狭窄应用血管内支架治疗的方法和疗效。方法：5例肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄的病人，经股动脉或腋动脉入路行狭窄肾动脉的球囊扩张加支架置入。结果：5例行球囊扩张并同时置入血管内支架的病人治疗后血压恢复正常，肾功能正常。经近5年的随访，1例病人术后9个月出现移植肾动脉再狭窄，给予球囊扩张，血流基本恢复，血压正常。结论：球囊扩张并血管内支架置入术仍然是移植肾动脉狭窄的安全有效的治疗方法之一,术后再狭窄的预防需要进一步探讨。     

T2 dark blood MRA for renal artery stenosis detection: preliminary observations.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the ability of a fast spin echo T2 weighted dark blood sequence to characterize significant (>50%) renal artery stenosis compared to conventional angiography. METHODS: Sixteen patients underwent conventional catheter angiography for either renal artery stenosis evaluation or as potential renal donors. Each patient then had an MR study of the renal arteries and kidneys with fast spin echo T2 weighted MR (TR 4000, TE 102, 8 echo train length) on a Superconducting 1.5T Magnet. Results were compared with angiography and inter and intra observer statistics were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 36 renal arteries were imaged in 32 kidneys with 12 stenoses >50%. Fast spin echo T2 weighted MR is 94% accurate (95%CI: 87-100%) in detection of significant renal artery stenosis. Dark blood MRA (DBMRA) is 96% sensitive (95%CI: 89-100), 92% specific, with a predictive value positive of 96% for classifying real arteries as normal or significantly stenosed. Inter and intra observer statistics demonstrate good to excellent agreement in renal artery classification (kappa>0.60). CONCLUSION: DBMRA may be a useful adjunct to renal MR evaluation in hypertension. SUMMARY: A total of 36 renal arteries were imaged in 32 kidneys with 12 stenoses >50%. Fast spin echo T2 weighted MR is 94% accurate (95%CI: 87-100%) in detection of significant renal artery stenosis.     

Endovascular Doppler guide wire in renal arteries. Correlation with angiography in 20 patients.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of endovascular Doppler recording in renal arteries and to compare the reliability of Doppler parameters for detection of renal artery stenosis. METHODS: The authors examined 36 renal arteries in 20 patients with a 0.018" endovascular flow wire. Peak systolic velocity and the renal artery-to-aortic peak were measured in the main renal artery. From intrarenal waveforms, acceleration, acceleration time, and the renal resistive index were obtained. Spectral analysis with consensus scoring of early systolic peak was also performed. RESULTS: Twelve significantly stenosed renal arteries and 26 normal renal arteries were examined with the Doppler guide wire, without complications. Peak systolic velocity was the only parameter significantly different in renal artery stenosis (P = 0.037). Peak systolic velocity also differed significantly between hypertensive and normotensive patients. Tardus parvus was specific for severe renal artery stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular Doppler is a safe and accurate method for the determination of velocity measurements and may be useful during percutaneous renal artery revascularization.     

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty in children and adolescents

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) was performed in 12 children and adolescents with renal artery stenosis. Patients were divided into three groups: those with a short stenosis in the middle or distal part of the renal artery (n = 5), those with a short stenosis at or near the origin of the renal artery (n = 3), and those with a long stenosis at or near the origin (n = 4). The patients in the first group responded to PTRA. Those in the second group had a poor clinical response, and dilation was unsuccessful in the patients in the third group, who remained hypertensive. The location and length of the renal artery stenosis and its underlying cause appear to be important in determining the results of PTRA.     

经皮肾动脉支架置入治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄后分肾功能的变化

目的：探讨经皮肾动脉支架置入（PTRAS）治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）患者的临床效果。 方法：选取2013年1月1日-2015年12月31日在我院进行PTRAS手术的ARAS患者31例,均为单侧肾动脉狭窄。患者随访12个月,观察PTRAS的成功率,以及血压、降压药种类的变化;应用肾动态显像评估分肾肾小球滤过率（SKGFR）的变化。 结果：手术成功率100%,无手术严重并发症。术后3、6、12个月随访,患者的收缩压、舒张压、降压药种类较术前均明显降低,血肌酐较术前均无明显变化。术后3、6、12个月支架侧的SKGFR、总GFR较术前明显升高,而非支架侧SKGFR与术前无明显变化。将支架侧术前SKGFR的值以20 ml/min为界,将患者分为两组,SKGFR≥20 ml/min共15例,SKGFR< 20 ml/min共16例,分析两组术前、术后SKGFR的变化情况。研究结果显示对于术前SKGFR≥20 ml/min的患者：支架置入术前、术后3~12个月支架侧的SKGFR差异无统计学意义;对于术前SKGFR<20 ml/min的患者,术后3~12个月支架侧的SKGFR较术前均有增加,差异有统计学意义。 结论：PTRAS治疗ARAS手术成功率高,并发症低。支架侧的分肾功能明显改善,肾动脉狭窄侧的SKGFR越小,其术后肾功能改善的越明显。     

The prevalence and clinical predictors of incidental atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of incidental renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Materials and methods

To determine renal artery stenosis, aortofemoropopliteal digital substraction angiographies (DSA) of 629 consecutive patients with PAD were prospectively reviewed. Angiographies were performed as catheter angiography with automated pump injection. Of the patients, 540 were male (86%) and 89 female (14%) (mean age ± S.D.: 61.5 ± 11.1 years). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the association of significant renal artery stenosis (≥60% diameter stenosis) with patient demographics (age, sex, reason for angiography and smoking status), medical history (diabetes mellitus, hypertension and coronary artery disease), laboratory values (blood creatinine, fasting glucose, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol) and distribution of PAD (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal and crural diseases and multisegment involvement).

Results

Renal artery disease was found in 33% (207 of 629) of all patients with peripheral arterial disease, and 9.6% of patients (n = 60) had significant (≥60%) renal artery stenosis. Only age and hypertension (blood pressure systolic >140 mmHg or diastolic >90 mmHg) were independent risk factors for significant renal artery stenosis on multivariate analysis. Mean age of patients with RAS was 66.5 ± 8.9 years compared with 61 ± 11.2 years for patients without RAS (p < 0.001). Hypertension was found in 41% of the patients in control group and in 63% of the patients in RAS group (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

Incidental renal artery stenosis which can be mild or significant is a relatively common finding among patients with peripheral arterial disease. Advance age and hypertension are closely associated with significant renal artery stenosis.