辐射对EL-4、J774A.1细胞CD2、CD48表达的影响

目的　通过时程及量效研究观察不同剂量X射线照射对EL 4和J774A 1细胞株中表面分子CD2、CD4 8的影响。方法　采用荧光免疫流式细胞术检测蛋白表达的变化。结果　 (1)EL 4细胞CD2分子表达结果显示 ,0 0 75GyX射线照射后CD2合成在照射后 4h即开始升高 ,至 8～ 16h达峰值 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,2Gy照射后则从照射后 4h开始下降 ,至 8h达最低点 (P <0 0 1) ,一直持续较低至 4 8h恢复 ;8h量效结果显示 ,在低剂量区 0 0 5 0 ,0 0 75Gy使CD2表达上调 ,而高剂量范围中 1,2Gy使CD2表达下调。 (2 )J774A 1细胞CD4 8分子表达结果显示 ,0 0 75GyX射线照射后CD4 8合成在照射后 2h即开始升高 ,至 4h达峰值 (P <0 0 5 ) ,随后急剧下降 ,8h恢复至假照射水平 ,16～4 8h下降明显低于假照射水平 (P <0 0 5 ) ,2Gy照射后则从照射后 2h开始下降 ,至 8h达最低点(P <0 0 1) ,随后有所恢复 ,但直至 4 8h仍未能恢复至假照射水平。 4h量效结果显示 ,在低剂量区0 0 5 0 ,0 0 75 ,0 10 0Gy使CD4 8表达上调 ,而高剂量范围中 1～ 6Gy均使CD4 8表达下调 (P <0 0 5～0 0 1)。结论　X射线照射可引起CD2、CD4 8不同的辐射效应 ,两者的相互作用体现出低剂量辐射具有不同于高剂量辐射的兴奋效应。     

低剂量辐射诱导小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的适应性反应

目的：研究低剂量辐射诱导小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的适应性反应。方法：应用原位末端标记（TUNEL）和常规HE染色法分别结合光镜定量地观察75mGyX射线照射诱导小鼠睾丸生精细胞在生精周期中凋亡的适应性反应。结果：当1．0、2．0或3．0Gy（攻击剂量，D2）X射线照射前6h给予75mGy（诱导剂量，D1）预照射时明显减轻D2对睾丸精原细胞和精母细胞的凋亡损伤作用，而对精子细胞影响不明显，当1．0、1．5、2．0、2．5、3．0Gy（D2）X射线照射前3、6、12、24h给予75mGy（D1）预照射时，发现当D2剂量较小（1．0、1．5、2．0Gy）时，精原细胞和精母细胞的凋亡百分率减少出现较早，较明显，而且持续时间较长；反之，当D2剂量较大（2．5和3．0Gy）时，精原细胞和精母细胞的凋亡百分率减少只有照后6h）出现，而且不显著。结论：低剂量电离辐射可以诱导精原细胞和精母细胞凋亡的适应性反应，并与D1和D2间隔时间及D2剂量有关。     

电离辐射对细胞中ADPRT的激活与诱导作用

研究了不同剂量γ线照射对小鼠ＳＲ－１细胞中ＡＤＰＲＴ活性的影响。结果表明５０Ｇｙ以上剂量照射对ＡＤＰＲＴ的催化反应有明显的激活作用，并且随照射剂量的增加而提高。此外，细胞受０．０１Ｇｙ低剂量照射之后一定时间，无论是再照射还是不照射５０Ｇｙ大剂量，所测得的ＡＤＰＲＴ活性都明显高于未受低剂量照射的细胞，表明低剂量辐射对细胞中ＡＤＰＲＴ具有诱导作用。     

低剂量X射线照射选择性诱导小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的适应性反应

目的 研究低剂量X射线照射诱导小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的适应性反应。方法 昆明雄性小鼠接受诱导剂量(D1，75mGy)和攻击剂量(D2，1．0，2．0和3．0Gy)全身照射。通过不连续泛影葡胺密度梯度离心法分离小鼠睾丸组织不同种类生精细胞，流式细胞术(FCM)检测各类生精细胞凋亡。结果 当D2照射前6h给予D1预照射时明显减轻D2对睾丸精原细胞和精母细胞凋亡的损伤作用，而对精子细胞和精子影响不明显。当D1和D2间隔3，6，12和24h，发现D2剂量较小(1．0和2．0Gy)时，精原细胞和精母细胞的凋亡百分率减少出现较早、较明显，而且持续时间较长；反之，D2剂量较大(3．0Gy)时，精原细胞和精母细胞凋亡百分率变化不明显。结论 低剂量X射线照射可以选择性诱导小鼠睾丸精原细胞和精母细胞凋亡的适应性反应，并与D1和D2间隔时间及D2剂量有关。     

低剂量电离辐射效应

在低剂量区域，电离辐射能够诱导一些大剂量实验中预测不到或传统放射生物学理论不能解释的效应，主要表现在三个方面：①数cGy剂量诱导发生的适应性反应(adaptive response，AR)；②低剂量辐射超敏性(hyperradiosensitivity，HRS)，其剂量通常为0．2～0．5Gy；③在临近的未受照细胞中诱导产生的旁效应(bystander effect，BE)。     

电离辐射对EL-4细胞凋亡与坏死的影响

目的 研究不同剂量电离辐射对EL－4细胞凋亡和细胞坏死的影响。方法 采用PI和Hoechst 33342双染、流式细胞术检测。结果 实验结果表明：给予50－200mGy低剂量照射后6h,EL－4细胞凋亡和坏死较对照组没有升高,而给予1．0－8．0Gy大剂量X射线照射后6h,细胞凋亡较对照组有明显升高,4．0Gy以上剂量,细胞坏死显著升高。结论 一定剂量的电离辐射不仅可以诱导凋亡的产生,而且可直接导致细胞坏死,即细胞的死亡模式与受照剂量有关。     

一低剂量辐射诱导新基因的转录调控和初步功能分析

目的：克隆低剂量辐射诱导基因，研究辐射对其转录调控作用和生物学功能。方法：用mRNA差异显示技术分离辐射诱导表达基因，用RACE技术获取cDNA旁侧序列，Northern杂交分析基因的转录调节，生物信息学分析基因的结构和功能。结果：获得包括3'端在内的辐射诱导新基因LRIGx的cDNA片段，序列同源性比较显示与人染色体20ql 1.2-12一段DNA高度同源（＞99％），Northern杂交结果揭示该基因转录子全长约8．5kb，在0．2Gy照射后2h出现诱导表达，4h后转录子水平为对照细胞的5倍多，也受0．02Gy更低剂量照射诱导表达，2Gy大剂量照射后1h出现短暂诱导表达，但不如低量照射明显，2h后恢复正常水平，生物信息学分析结果显示该基因编码产物含有解旋酶活性保守区，结论：分离鉴定出一低剂量辐射反应基因，其编码蛋白可能参与DNA代谢（如修复）等细胞辐射反应过程。     

X射线全身照射诱导小鼠脾细胞LAMP-1 表达的时程变化

目的观察X射线全身照射对小鼠脾细胞LAMP-1表达的影响。方法采用流式细胞术检测0．075和2Gy X照射后不同时间（0、2、4、8、16、24和48h）以及用Con A刺激4h后，脾细胞表面表达LAMP-1的阳性细胞数。结果脾细胞表面的LAMP-1在2Gy X射线全身照射后8、16和24h表达明显下降；0．075Gy X射线全身照射后2h显著升高，而48h又下降到低于对照的水平。0．075和2Gy X射线全身照射后再加用Con A（10μg／μl）刺激4h，LAMP-1的表达均增强；但是此时2Gy的效应比0．075Gy更明显。结论LAMP-1参与电离辐射作用下免疫信号的传导，高剂量X射线抑制它的表达，而低剂量X射线在早期对其表达有促进作用，与体内免疫细胞的活性密切相关。Con A促进免疫细胞表面LAMP-1的表达。     

低剂量照射诱导A549和2BS细胞适应性反应的研究

目的 观察A549细胞（肺癌细胞）和2BS细胞（人胚胎肺成纤维细胞）低剂量照射后能否诱导适应性反应,探讨肿瘤细胞与正常细胞在诱导适应性反应方面存在的差异,并结合细胞周期变化,进一步阐明适应性反应形成机理。方法 1．应用克隆形成法和苔盼蓝细胞染色计数法,分别绘制了A549细胞和2BS细胞的剂量－存活曲线。2．应用流式细胞技术,对不同剂量照射后A549和2BS细胞周期进行了分析。结果 1．2BS细胞经低剂一照射诱导出适应性反应（预先给予低剂量照射组的剂量－存活曲线与未预照射组比较,P＜0．01）。A549细胞经低剂量照射末诱导出适应性反应（P＞0．05）。2．2BS细胞经低剂量加高剂量照射组于照后30min即出现明显的G2期阻滞,且细胞周期于24h内恢复。结论 低剂量照射A549细胞未诱导出适应性反应,而2BS细胞可诱导出适应性反应,适应性反应与细胞周期调控有关。     

低剂量辐射诱导的旁效应及其机制的初步研究

目的 研究低剂量照射(6cGy)的骨髓细胞悬液,离心后得到的上层相(简称条件液)对正常或辐射损伤细胞能否产生刺激性辐射旁效应,并探讨其发生机制。方法 条件液与受0、2或5 Gy照射的骨髓细胞悬液进行混合培养,使用MTT比色法观察各组细胞的增殖能力。同时采用细胞色素C还原法测定培养介质中O^-₂的浓度,以及运用免疫组织化学法检测细胞内c-fos的蛋白表达。结果 受大剂量照射的细胞与条件液共培养后,其增殖能力与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且伴随着O^-₂浓度升高和c-fos蛋白表达的上调(P<0.05)。结论 低剂量辐射可对辐射损伤细胞产生促进其增殖的刺激性辐射旁效应,发生机制可能O^-₂浓度的提高与c-fos蛋白表达的上调有关。     

Augmentation in mitogen-induced proliferation of rat splenocytes by low dose whole body X-irradiation

The hypothesis of radiation hormesis has been proposed. To elucidate the hormetic effect on the immune system, we studied the effect of low dose whole body irradiation on the in vitro mitogen-induced proliferation of rat thymocytes and splenocytes. The rats were irradiated with low doses (0.01-2 Gy) of X-ray and the cells were cultivated in the presence of various mitogens. The cell proliferation was evaluated by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the cells. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced proliferation of splenocytes prepared at 4 hr after irradiation was augmented with 0.05 Gy, whereas that of thymocytes was not affected. Irradiation of rats with 0.05 Gy also induced the enhanced proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide, though their responses were lower than that by Con A. This augmentation in mitogen-induced proliferation of splenocytes was observed within a few hours after irradiation, being a temporary effect. These results suggest that very low dose whole body irradiation possibly induce a hormesis-like effect on the immune splenocytes.     

过钒酸钠对照射后NFS-60细胞G-CSF增殖反应性的影响

目的　为了解酪氨酸磷酸酶在造血细胞辐射损伤中的作用 ,深化对造血细胞辐射损伤分子机理的认识。方法　应用MTT法观察了酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂过钒酸钠对照射和未照射细胞增殖的影响。结果　过钒酸钠对细胞增殖的影响因培养基中G CSF浓度的不同而表现出相异的作用 :当G CSF浓度偏低时 ,一定浓度的过钒酸钠的加入可促进细胞增殖 ,而当G CSF浓度过高时 ,过钒酸钠的加入则抑制细胞生长 ;与未照射细胞相比 ,过钒酸钠对 3Gy照射细胞的促增殖作用明显加强 ,生长抑制作用相对减弱。结论　酪氨酸磷酸酶可能参与了细胞增殖的不同调控过程 ,而照射可能加强了细胞酪氨酸磷酸酶的增殖抑制作用。     

不同剂量辐射诱导小鼠胸腺Th1-Th2-Th3型细胞相关基因的功能分析

目的 应用功能分类基因芯片技术,分析高、低剂量全身照射对小鼠胸腺细胞中Th1、Th2及Th3/Tr1各亚型功能相关基因的差异表达,探讨辐射免疫效应的分子机制.方法 健康ICR小鼠按随机数字表法分为低剂量组(0.075 Gy)、高剂量组(2.0 Gy)和假照组,于照射后16 h处死小鼠取胸腺组织,应用细胞因子与炎症反应PCR芯片技术进行Th1-Th2-Th3功能分类芯片分析.结果 低剂量(0.075 Gy)X射线全身照射后小鼠胸腺细胞中有8个基因表达上调,5个基因表达下调;高剂量(2.0 Gy)X射线全身照射后小鼠胸腺细胞中有54个基因表达上调,3个基因表达下调.具体有Th型细胞相关基因、Th2型细胞相关基因、Th3/Tr1型细胞相关基因、Th1/Th2型免疫应答基因以及转录因子相关基因.其中,低剂量辐射诱导胸腺中的Th1型细胞相关基因Stat4和Socs1的表达上调,而对Th2型和Th3/Tr型细胞相关基因IL-4ra、Cebpb、Gata3及Tgfb3下调,最终导致Th1型免疫应答基因Sftpd上调.高剂量辐射均可诱导Th1、Th2和Th3/Tr型细胞相关基因的上调,但Th1型免疫应答基因表达无变化,而Th2型免疫应答相关基因Cd86、IL-18、IL-10以及Irf4上调.结论 低剂量辐射诱导Th1型免疫应答,而高剂量辐射诱导Th2型免疫应答.     

Increased susceptibility to delayed genetic effects of low dose X-irradiation in DNA repair deficient cells

Abstract

Purpose: To examine whether the levels of micronuclei induction, as a marker for genomic instability in the progeny of X-irradiated cells, correlates with DNA repair function.

Materials and methods: Two repair deficient cell lines (X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 [XRCC1] deficient cell line [EM9] and X-ray repair cross complementing 5 [XRCC5; Ku80] deficient X-ray sensitive Chinese hamster ovary [CHO] cell line [xrs5]) were used in addition to wild-type CHO cells. These cells were irradiated with low doses of X-rays (up to 1 Gy). Seven days after irradiation, micronuclei formed in binucleated cells were counted. To assess the contribution of the bystander effect micronuclei induction was measured in progeny of non-irradiated cells co-cultured with cells that had been irradiated with 1Gy.

Results: The delayed induction of micronuclei in 1 Gy-irradiated cells was observed in normal CHO and EM9 but not in xrs5. In the clone analysis, progenies of xrs5 under bystander conditions showed significantly higher levels of micronuclei, while CHO and EM9 did not.

Conclusion: Genomic instability induced by X-irradiation is associated with DSB (double-strand break) repair, even at low doses. It is also suggested that bystander signals, which lead to genomic instability, may be enhanced when DSB repair is compromised.     

0.075 Gy X射线诱导EL-4细胞凋亡及细胞周期的适应性反应

观察低剂量Ｘ射线照射能否诱导ＥＬ－４细胞凋亡及细胞周期的适应性反应。方法采用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期。结果单纯２ＧｙＸ射线照射后１２小时ＥＬ－４细胞凋亡显著增多，并伴有明显Ｇ１阻滞；０．０７５Ｇｙ预照射可明显减轻间隔６小时后２Ｇｙ攻击剂量照射所致的细胞凋亡和Ｇ１阻滞。结论０．０７５ＧｙＸ射线离体照射可诱导ＥＬ－４细胞凋亡及Ｇ１阻滞的适应性反应     

Threshold dose–response in radiation carcinogenesis: an approach from chronic β-irradiation experiments and a review of non-tumour doses

Purpose : To discuss the threshold dose problem in radiation carcinogenesis after a review of the present author's experimental data on mouse tumour induction by chronic β -irradiation and other relevant data. Conclusions : A threshold dose-response in radiation carcinogenesis appears in certain tissues and under certain conditions. The optimum condition for demonstrating an apparent threshold is with partial-body chronic or repeated radiation rather than with acute whole-body radiation. Its possible mechanism is host tolerance, involving DNA repair, apoptosis and an immune response activated by low radiation doses. This tolerance level was examined by a survey in the literature of non-tumour-inducing doses, D nt, the highest dose at which no significant increase of tumours was observed above the control level.     

Bystander effect and adaptive response in C3H 10T(1/2) cells

PURPOSE: To address the relationship between the bystander effect and the adaptive response that can compete to impact on the dose-response curve at low doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A novel radiation apparatus, where targeted and non-targeted cells were grown in close proximity, was used to investigate these phenomena in C3H 10T(1/2) cells. It was further examined whether a bystander effect or an adaptive response could be induced by a factor(s) present in the supernatants of cells exposed to a high or low dose of X-rays, respectively. RESULTS: When non-hit cells were co-cultured for 24 h with cells irradiated with 5 Gy alpha-particles, a significant increase in both cell killing and oncogenic transformation frequency was observed. If these cells were treated with 2 cGy X-rays 5 h before co-culture with irradiated cells, approximately 95% of the bystander effect was cancelled out. A 2.5-fold decrease in the oncogenic transformation frequency was also observed. When cells were cultured in medium donated from cells exposed to 5 Gy X-rays, a significant bystander effect was observed for clonogenic survival. When cells were cultured for 5 h with supernatant from donor cells exposed to 2 cGy and were then irradiated with 4 Gy X-rays, they failed to show an increase in survival compared with cells directly irradiated with 4 Gy. However, a twofold reduction in the oncogenic transformation frequency was seen. CONCLUSIONS: An adaptive dose of X-rays cancelled out the majority of the bystander effect produced by alpha-particles. For oncogenic transformation, but not cell survival, radioadaption can occur in unirradiated cells via a transmissible factor(s).     

抑制CHD6表达对A549细胞辐射敏感性的影响

目的通过RNA干扰技术建立染色质重构蛋白CHD6基因表达抑制的细胞模型,研究CHD6对人肺腺癌细胞A549细胞增殖及辐射敏感性的影响.方法利用质粒介导的siRNA技术建立CHD6基因表达抑制细胞模型,RT-PCR检测CHD6 mRNA的表达,细胞生长曲线和流式细胞技术分别检测A549细胞增殖及细胞周期的变化,荧光染色法检测细胞凋亡,细胞克隆形成率检测A549细胞辐射敏感性.结果通过本研究,成功构建了siRNA抑制CHD6表达的细胞模型;通过siRNA抑制CHD6的表达,A549细胞增殖能力明显增强,细胞对2 Gy以内γ射线照射有明显辐射抗性;大剂量照射后的细胞凋亡率无明显改变.结论抑制CHD6基因表达将提高细胞增殖能力和细胞的辐射抗性.