膀胱憩室癌临床分析(附五例报告)

目的　探讨膀胱憩室癌的临床病理特点和诊治方法。　方法　膀胱憩室癌 5例。男 4例 ,女 1例 ;平均年龄 73岁。术前膀胱镜下活检确诊 3例 ,术中冰冻切片确诊 2例。其中移行细胞癌2例 ,行膀胱部分切除术 ;鳞状细胞癌、腺癌和混合性癌 (鳞状细胞癌和移行细胞癌 )各 1例 ,均行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术。术后辅以化疗 3例 ,化疗加放疗 1例。　结果　 5例随访 6～ 72个月 ,平均 2 3个月。 2例移行细胞癌分别于术后 6、8个月局部复发 ,行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术 ,术后 1例死于肿瘤转移 ,1例随访 6年无瘤存活。鳞癌者术后 14个月死于多器官转移。腺癌者术后 11个月死于心肌梗死。混合性癌者目前术后 6个月无瘤存活。　结论　膀胱憩室癌的诊断以膀胱镜和影像学检查为主 ,治疗应采取外科手术特别是根治性膀胱全切术 ,必要时辅以放、化疗。     

膀胱肉瘤样癌与癌肉瘤

目的探讨膀胱肉瘤样癌及膀胱癌肉瘤组织学特性。提高对膀胱肉瘤样癌和膀胱癌肉瘤的病理学和临床特征的认识。方法报告1例膀胱肉瘤样癌和1例膀胱癌肉瘤的病例资料。2例均为男性。年龄分别为60岁、66岁。1例以肉眼血尿就诊，膀胱镜、CT和B超检查均诊断为膀胱肿瘤，肿瘤呈侵润性生长，术前活检提示为移行上皮细胞癌。行膀胱部分切除术，术后行全身化疗和膀胱灌注化疗；病理检查为癌肉瘤。另1例以膀胱血块填塞就诊，急诊手术行血块清除、止血及肿瘤姑息性切除，术后均行全身化疗和膀胱灌注化疗，术后病理检查为肉瘤样癌。结果1例行膀胱部分切除者，术后病理可见上皮和肉瘤样间质2种恶性成分，且可见到横纹肌肉瘤成分，诊断为膀胱癌肉瘤，3个月后复查局部肿瘤复发。行膀胱全切-回肠新膀胱术，目前仍在随访中。另1例术后病理可见上皮和肉瘤样间质2种恶性成分，癌与肉瘤样区有移行，诊断为膀胱肉瘤样癌，1个月后死于全身衰竭、多处转移。结论膀胱肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤具有浸润性生长的生物学特性，恶性程度高，预后不良；化疗、放疗都不太敏感，手术仍是首选治疗方式。     

T1G3膀胱移行细胞癌的临床治疗

目的　探讨T1G3 膀胱移行细胞癌的治疗方法。　方法　T1G3 膀胱移行细胞癌患者6 7例 ,平均年龄 6 3岁。均行TURBt,术后BCG膀胱灌注 5 9例 ,丝裂霉素膀胱灌注 8例。　结果　6 7例患者经 1～ 5次治疗 ,随访 12～ 78个月 ,中位时间 4 7个月 ,有 2 8例出现 1次或 1次以上的复发。最终有 2 0例进展为T2 及以上分期肿瘤 ,16例施行膀胱全切 ,4例发生远处转移。 9例患者死于膀胱肿瘤。　结论　初发的T1G3 膀胱移行细胞癌患者可施行TURBt加术后膀胱内药物灌注治疗 ,术后严密随访 ;对肿瘤复发进展者应尽早施行根治性膀胱全切术。     

膀胱鳞状细胞癌

目的分析膀胱鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的临床特点，提高对膀胱鳞状细胞癌的认识及诊治水平。方法回顾性分析10例该病患者的临床资料，结合国内外文献进行分析讨论。结果10例患者男8例，女2例，平均年龄61岁，行膀胱全切术2例，分别存活18、25个月。膀胱部分切除8例，2例术后1年内出现膀胱内复发，1年以上无复发者4例．2例失随访。本组患者生存时间6-72个月，平均生存16．4个月，1例膀胱鳞癌伴移行细胞癌(TCC)患者生存5年以上。结论膀胱鳞癌在诊断时临床分期较高，顸后差，对化疗不敏感，术前放疗和根治性膀胱切除可提高患者生存率。     

膀胱癌术后腹壁切口种植转移2例

我院自 1 986～ 1 998年施行膀胱肿瘤开放手术86例 ,其中移行上皮癌手术 81例 ,鳞癌手术 3例 ,腺癌手术 2例 ,共发生膀胱癌腹壁切口种植转移 2例 ,鳞癌和腺癌各 1例 ,现报告如下 ,并就其病因及其诊治予以讨论。1 　 临床资料例 1　男 ,46岁。因膀胱腺癌行膀胱部分切除和左输尿管膀胱再植术后 4个月出现原腹壁切口处硬块 ,逐渐增大伴疼痛 ,1个月后疑切口感染入院。体检 :下腹壁原切口处有 3cm× 7cm肿块 ,质硬 ,边界不清 ,表面皮肤略呈紫红色 ,伴压痛。 B超显示腹壁占位性病变。膀胱镜检查见膀胱粘膜光滑 ,未见肿瘤复发。抗感染治疗半个多月…     

膀胱癌病人回肠新膀胱术后护理

膀胱癌单纯膀胱全切除或根治性膀胱全切除且膀胱颈及后尿道无肿瘤浸润的病人 ,多主张膀胱全切除后行原位回肠新膀胱术 ,术后无需腹壁造口、无需佩带尿袋 ,能从尿道可控排尿 ,与以往各种尿流改道术相比 ,该术极大地提高了病人的生活质量。我科1 998年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 5月对 1 6例膀胱癌病人成功地施行了回肠新膀胱术 ,术后护理总结如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料1 6例均为男性 ,年龄 5 3～ 85岁 ,平均 6 5 .0岁。均为复发性膀胱癌 ,经膀胱镜病理活检确诊 ,术后病理检查证实为移行细胞癌。其中 级 1 0例 , 级 6例 ,临床分期为 T2 ～ T3 …     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗(附5例报告)

目的:提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。方法:对5例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:5例患者平均年龄66.2岁,术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌(均为II至III级)。1例术前既往诊断为前列腺癌,4例术后病理证实为前列腺癌,前列腺癌Gleason分级4级至6级;2例行膀胱全切,输尿管皮肤造口术。1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。1例行径尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术,1例因身体原因仅行姑息性输尿管皮肤造口术。术后随访8个月至26个月。1例术后20个月后死于全身广泛转移;1例随访14个月带瘤存活;余3例经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论:膀胱癌患者,如合并的前列腺癌,如果重视不够容易被漏诊。血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法,当诊断膀胱癌同时存在局限性前列腺癌时,治疗方案应根据膀胱癌和前列腺癌的分期、分级综合而定。膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌并不提示预后不良。     

膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会(附六例报告)

目的　提高对膀胱小细胞癌的认识。　方法　回顾性分析 6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的病理及临床资料。男 4例 ,女 2例 ,平均年龄 5 1岁。其中 2例膀胱小细胞癌含有移行细胞癌和 (或 )腺癌成分。行膀胱部分切除术 2例 ,行膀胱全切术 4例。 5例患者接受 2～ 6疗程化疗。　结果　 6例患者随访 12～ 6 0个月 ,均因肿瘤复发死亡。平均生存时间 2 8个月。　结论　膀胱小细胞癌占原发膀胱恶性肿瘤的 0 .4 4 % ,恶性程度高 ,易发生淋巴结、肝、骨等转移 ,预后差 ,根治性膀胱全切加联合化疗可获得较好疗效。     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术120例临床分析

目的 探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术优缺点。方法120例男性膀胱癌患者,其中浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌99例,移行细胞癌伴部分鳞化8例,移行细胞癌伴腺癌及鳞癌3例,腺癌6例,鳞癌4例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术。膀胱全切采用顺行、逆行相结合的方法。截取末段回肠,排列成W形,褥式缝合制作储尿袋。输尿管以乳头法包埋术种植。结果手术时间,前50例为210-300mim,平均270min;后70例为110-205min,平均143min。术后9l例获得随访,随访2—88个月,平均30个月,85例白天可控制排尿,其中71例夜间可控制排尿。9例术后发生输尿管扩张,7例合并轻度肾积水,2例合并中度肾积水,2例肾功能轻度异常。45例行膀胱造影仅1例发生右侧输尿管返流。术后3个月复查出现低血钾者6例,余85例血电解质均在正常范围。20例患者行尿动力检查,尿流曲线呈持续型12例,间歇型8例;膀胱尿道造影显示尿流持续型代膀胱颈口呈漏斗形,排尿时开放良好,而尿流间歇形代膀胱颈口不呈漏斗形或排尿时颈口开放欠佳。结论膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术手术时间短,操作简单,出血少,并发症少,原位W形回肠代膀胱有较好的储尿和排尿功能,电解质紊乱发生率低。     

保留膀胱联合髂内动脉化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌46例报告

目的：评价保留膀胱手术后联合髂内动脉介入化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法：2003年6月～2009年2月对46例浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌患者采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切或膀胱部分切除术联合顺铂＋吡喃阿霉素方案髂内动脉化疗进行治疗。结果：46例患者均获得随访,平均随访38（9～68）个月。33例无瘤生存,2例带瘤生存,11例死于肿瘤转移,5年生存率为75．76％;29例保留膀胱生存,10例行挽救性全膀胱切除,其中全膀胱切除术后死亡4例,5年膀胱保存率为73．32％;其中33例T2期患者5年生存率为83．21％;5年膀胱保留率为81．82％。全部患者对动脉化疗耐受良好,无严重全身和局部不良反应。结论：保留有功能的膀胱手术加髂内动脉灌注化疗为治疗浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌的有效方法之一,尤其是早期浸润性膀胱癌（T2期）患者,是保留膀胱治疗的最佳适应证。     

Sonography of the bladder

Ultrasonography (US) is the method of choice for the diagnosis of bladder disease. It is superior to other imaging techniques, such as urography and cystography, in depicting certain structures and abnormalities. US examination of the bladder should include a study of the ureterovesical junction and the structures round the vesical neck. The examination technique may be transabdominal, transrectal or transvaginal, or transurethral. The bladder pathology that can be studied by US includes cystitis, calculi, clots, diverticula, trauma and tumors. The sensitivity and the specificity of the method are very high and sometimes superior to cystoscopy. Sonography can be used to explore patients with stress incontinence and those with abdominal trauma. The ureterovesical junction may be clearly examined by US and the pathology of the papilla clearly defined.     

Incidental presentation of leiomyoma of bladder with carincoma of the prostate

We report a case of bladder leiomyoma found incidentally in a 66-year-oldman during his work up for an adenocarcinoma of the prostate. TransrectalMRI scan appeared to be highly demonstrative of its localization and extentwithin the bladder wall. It was resected transurethrally. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

无管化技术在膀胱重建术中的应用体会

目的 探讨无管化技术在膀胱重建术中的应用.方法 从2009年开始,在膀胱癌治疗中对膀胱重建术给予改进.术中鞘外游离输尿管,将输尿管拖入回肠膀胱(或回肠原位新膀胱)内1.5 ～2.0cm.不留置输尿管支架管.结果 15例病例,14例成功,一例手术后出现输尿管乳头水肿,改行支架管置入术.术后6～9d拆线出院.缩短患者住院时间,减轻患者药费压力,避免拔管、堵管及尿路感染,术后方便护理.结论 通过与原方案疗效、近远期并发症发生的对比,无管化技术安全可行,疗效肯定,不增加明显并发症.     

Bladder cancer: new TUR techniques

Transurethral resection of bladder tumours (TURBT) using a wire loop remains the gold-standard treatment for bladder tumours, but it is associated with unacceptably high early recurrence rates after first resection. Improvements to standard resection techniques and a range of optical and technological advances offer exciting possibilities for improving outcomes. Early second resection has been shown to reduce recurrence rates, and increase response to intravesical chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. It should be considered in most high-risk non-muscle invasive cancers (T1; G3; multifocal) being managed by bladder conservation. Newer energy sources, such as laser, may facilitate day case management of bladder tumours using local anaesthesia in select groups of patients. The novel technique of photodynamic diagnosis improves tumour detection, and quality of resection, and is likely to become the standard for initial tumour management. The traditional ‘incise and scatter’ resection technique goes against all oncological surgical principles. En-bloc resection of tumours would be far preferable and demands further development and evaluation. The technique of TURBT needs to evolve to allow first-time clearance of disease and low recurrence rates.     

Die freie Gallenblasenperforation und die perforationslose gallige Peritonitis

Zusammenfassung An Hand von 67 Fällen wurden Ätiologie, Symptomatik und Letalität der freien Gallenblasenperforation und der perforationslosen galligen Peritonitis erörtert. Als Ursache für diese beiden Komplikationen von seiten der Gallenblase kommen ulceröse Cholecystitiden mit und ohne Gallensteine, die Aktivierung von Trypsinogen in den Gallenwegen sowie allergisch-hyperergische Reaktionen nach Art des Shwartzman-Sanarelli Phänomens oder einer meist abschnittsweise auftretenden Vasculitis in Frage. Als charakteristisches Symptom für eine freie Gallenblasenperforation wurde das Verschwinden eines -vorher nachgewiesenen Gallenblasenhydrops' und das Auftreten einer akuten Peritonealreaktion im rechten Unterbauch herausgestellt. Die Prognose war mehr von der Zeitspanne zwischen Perforation und Operation als vom Alter der Patienten abhängig. Die Gesamtletalität betrug 540/o.

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Free perforation of gall bladder and the perforationless biliary peritonitis

Summary This is a report on the etiology, symptoms and lethality in 67 cases of free perforation of the gall bladder and so-called perforationless biliary peritonitis. These two complications are possibly caused by ulcerative cholecystitis with or without lithiasis, by the activation of trypsinogen in the hile ducts as well as by an allergic-hyperergic reaction like the Shwartzman-Sanarelli-Phenomenon or by a localised vasculitis. As a characteristic symptom of a free perforation of the gall bladder the disappearance of a proven hydrops of the gall bladder and the occurrence of an acute peritoneal reaction in the lower right abdomen was emphasized. The prognosis was more dependent on the length of time between perforation and operation than on the age of the patient. The all-over lethality-rate was 54%.

     

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Context

The use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is still controversial.

Objective

To determine the optimal use of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in patients with advanced urothelial cell carcinoma. Bladder preservation is also discussed.

Evidence acquisition

A critical review of the published literature on chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer was performed.

Evidence synthesis

The presence of occult micrometastases at the time of radical cystectomy leads to both distant and local failure in patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Both neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have been evaluated in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. Studies evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy have been limited by inadequate statistical power to detect meaningful clinical answers as well as by experimental arms utilizing inadequate chemotherapy.

Conclusions

The aggregate of available evidence suggests that neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should be considered as a standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive or locally advanced operable bladder cancer. In patients who are either unfit for or refuse radical cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation can render bladder preservation possible for patients who attain an excellent clinical response. With the introduction of new cytotoxic drugs, there is a need for well-designed studies to address the optimal utility of perioperative therapy in high-risk patients with bladder cancer.     

可控性回结肠膀胱术10例报告

对１０例膀胱癌患者施行根治性全膀胱切除可控性回肠膀胱术，经随访，除１例术后２年因肿瘤转移至盆腔骨关节及肺部而死上，９例均健在，可控自行导尿，无漏尿及返流现象，结果表明，这种用结肠去管重建，用缩窄的末段回肠做输出道的贮尿囊，可控性能好，容量大，电解质紊乱轻，插管容易，不影响肾功能，并发症少，临床观察效果满意。     

Acute renal failure caused by complete bladder eversion through a vesicovaginal fistula

We report a rare case of bladder eversion through a vesicovaginal fistula. The bladder prolapse was almost complete, resulting in ureteral kinking, bilateral hydronephrosis and acute renal failure. After reduction of the bladder eversion, bilateral ureteral stent placement, fistula repair using the Latzko technique and colpocleisis, the patient had rapid resolution of her renal compromise.Abbreviations VVF Vesicovaginal fistula     

Multipathogenetic Origin of a Pelvic Mass

A 69-yr-old woman presented with a bulky hypogastric mass and abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan showed a mass anterosuperior and contiguous to the bladder wall, with a hypodense content, a voluminous bladder stone, and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis. Intraoperatively, the supravesical mass had the appearance of an infected urachal cyst. An unsuspected high-grade noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder thoroughly surrounding the bladder stone became evident during the cystolithotomy. Postoperative videourodynamic study showed a normal voiding pattern with bilateral grade 4 vesicoureteral reflux. Early cystectomy was performed for uncontrolled recurrent bladder cancer, and the final pathology indicated pT1G3N0 TCC.     

中国膀胱癌死亡率与紫外线照射的关系

目的 探讨膀胱癌死亡率与紫外线照射的关系,为生态流行病学研究提供实验依据.方法 收集整理1990至1992年中国第二次死亡原因调查报告中膀胱癌的死亡资料及各调查地区的经纬度和日平均紫外线照射强度数据,统计学分析膀胱癌死亡率与环境因素的相关性.结果 膀胱癌死亡率与紫外线照射强度有明显关系,死亡率随年平均紫外线照射强度增高而降低,日平均紫外线照射强度每增加一个单位,死亡率下降0.56%(P=0.0013).不同性别和不同地区存在相同的负相关,男性和女性相对危险度分别为0.9949和0.9934(P值分别为0.0161和0.0239),城市和农村地区分别为0.9945和0.9942(P值分别为0.0332和0.0102).结论 紫外线照射可以降低膀胱癌的死亡率,其机制可能与体内维生素D水平增加有关.