喉支气管源性囊肿1例

患者 ,男 ,5 8岁。因声嘶 2个月 ,呼吸困难、咽痛 4ｄ入院。纤维支气管镜示右侧会厌咽襞、会厌杓襞肿胀明显 ,右侧喉前庭有一 4ｃｍ× 3ｃｍ× 3ｃｍ大小新生物 ,表面光滑 ,遮盖声门及右侧梨状窝 ,会厌尖向左推移。ＣＴ示右侧声门区至会厌区混合密度占位性病变 ,致喉室变形狭小 ,梨状窝变形、缩小。因病变性质不明 ,取活检困难。为了明确诊断 ,遂行喉裂开、喉腔探查术。术中见右侧喉前庭有一 4ｃｍ× 3ｃｍ× 3ｃｍ大小新生物 ,有囊腔 ,腔内有较少粘稠液体 ,囊壁较厚。新生物向下侵及室带上缘 ,右侧喉室及声带正常 ,左侧室带、喉室、声带正…     

1对夫妻同患喉癌报道

患者男,74岁.因咽痛、声嘶2个月,伴憋气1个月入院.入院后查体示:会厌喉面游离缘、右侧声带及右梨状窝内见菜花状新生物,声门腔狭窄,右颈部皮下可触及一个约3 cm×2 cm大小的淋巴结,质韧,压痛,活动度可.颈部CT扫描报告为右梨状窝占位,初诊下咽占位.于2004年6月15日在全麻下行气管切开+全喉切除,术中见会厌喉面、喉腔、右梨状窝充满菜花状新生物,并侵及梨状窝外侧壁.术后病理报告为喉鳞状细胞癌,高-中分化.术后应用抗生素、补液、对症支持治疗,住院35 d出院.随访1年半后死亡.     

喉部分切除术后喉囊肿

目的探讨喉部分切除术后喉囊肿的发病率、病因、临床特点、诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2009年6月北京同仁医院收治的228例颈外入路喉部分切除术患者的诊疗及随访情况,并对喉部分切除术后喉囊肿进行分析报道。结果随访中发现2例喉囊肿,均为喉部分切除会厌成形术后。1例于术后20个月发现囊肿位于会厌舌面,行支撑喉镜下CO2激光切除囊肿。另1例术后19个月发现囊肿位于声门下区,经颈外入路切除。结论喉部分切除术后喉囊肿并不常见,可能与会厌前间隙分离过程中黏膜上皮种植有关。CT或MRI有助于诊断。囊肿可于支撑喉镜下或经颈外入路行手术切除。     

会厌喉成形术治疗喉声门型癌

目的探讨会厌喉成形术的可行性及手术方法。方法喉部分切除术后下移会厌瓣修复残存喉腔的前壁或侧前壁行喉成形术42例。结果患者术后喉功能恢复良好,总拔管率为92.9%,所有患者均于出院前拔除鼻饲管,发音可接受率为88.1%,3年、5年生存率分别为84.6%、77.1%。结论会厌瓣是喉部分切除喉成形术理想的修复材料之一。     

喉切除重建"会厌"防止发声口的误咽

目的 :探讨全喉切除防止气管 食管通路发声口误咽的方法。方法 :对 2 6例喉鳞癌患者行全喉切除 ,保留带蒂环状软骨瓣并修成会厌形薄片 ;改良气管 食管通路发声口 ;将会厌形骨片固定在发声口上方形成“檐状会厌” ;缝合气管断端并向后挤压“檐状会厌”凸入食管腔中。结果 :2 6例在术后 3、7或 12d拔除鼻饲管 ,经6～ 11d常规进食适应后均无误咽。随访 2～ 5年 ,2 1例无误咽 ,3例失访 ,2例癌复发。结论 :环状软骨瓣重建“檐状会厌”能有效防止全喉切除术后气管 食管通路发声口的误咽。     

喉软骨瘤术后复发一例报告

患者,男,56岁。5年前于外院行喉环状软骨瘤手术,术后一直声音嘶哑,无呼吸困难。4个月前开始劳累后气短,2天前呼吸困难加重,来诊时近Ⅲ°吸气性呼吸困难,于急诊室行紧急气管切开后收入院。纤维喉镜检查:左杓会厌襞向内移位,左声带固定,右声带及右杓会厌襞运动尚可,声门裂几近闭塞。CT检查:环状软骨弓后右侧部见软组织肿物,周边钙化,喉腔闭塞,杓状软骨结构紊乱。入院诊断:喉狭窄、喉软骨瘤复发。经气管切开处插管全麻,颈前正中切口,见皮下广泛瘢痕粘连,层次不清。正中裂开甲状软骨板,见环状软骨板偏右侧结节状膨胀性生长肿瘤样物,质较硬,2.0c…     

喉颗粒细胞瘤3例

喉颗粒细胞瘤临床罕见。近年我院收治 3例 ,经手术切除病理诊断为颗粒细胞瘤。本文拟就其临床特征和病理特点作一分析 ,籍以提高临床对本病的认识。1　病例报告例 1　男 ,30岁。声嘶 3年余 ,加重半年伴轻度呼吸困难。检查 :右侧声带、喉室及假声带饱满隆起 ,表面光滑 ,全身检查无特殊。喉部 CT检查 :右侧声带区域有 2 .0 cm× 2 .2 cm软组织肿物 ,喉旁间隙消失 ,边界完整 ,软骨无破坏。喉腔右侧完全堵塞。临床诊断 :右侧声带肿物 ,性质待查。1 997年 1 2月 2 4日全麻下行气管切开加喉裂开肿物切除术 ,术中见右侧喉室膨出 ,表面粘膜完整光滑…     

严重自发性咽部血肿致喉梗阻1例

1 临床资料 患者,男,54岁,因渐进性呼吸困难4小时入院。患者缘于4小时前无明显诱因出现呼吸困难,呈渐进性,伴吞咽障碍,言语模糊,口内含物感,无发热,无痰中带血。既往健康,无家族史。间接喉镜示：右侧咽后壁黏膜显著隆起,自口咽达喉咽,凸过中线至对侧,少量白色分泌物附着,推压会厌,会厌不能上抬。“三凹征”阳性。急诊以“咽部肿物,喉梗阻（III度）”收入院。予气管切开术,术后呼吸困难消失。喉CT示（图1A、B）：口咽及喉咽部右后壁不规则增厚,呈团块状低密度影,边界不清,CT值24～44HU。电子喉镜（图2A、B）：右侧自口咽经喉咽至梨状窝黏膜隆起,压迫会厌及右侧披裂,声带运动受限。颈部MR平扫+增强（图1C、D）：咽壁隆起,信号不均,呈等长T1、混杂长T2信号影,边界欠清,STIR呈混杂稍高信号,咽腔、右梨状隐窝、咽旁间隙、咽后间隙明显变窄,舌骨大角受压移位;增强扫描呈中度不均匀强化。结合病史及辅助检查,考虑自发性咽部血肿可能性大,因其范围过大,难以快速自行吸收,因此在全麻下经甲舌膜进路行咽喉腔探查术。术中颈部横行切口,切开颈阔肌,向上掀起皮瓣,见右侧颈阔肌、胸锁乳突肌前缘及咽缩肌区域明显淤血肿胀,肌层层次不清,考虑喉上动脉分支出血,分离显露喉上动脉,结扎。经甲舌膜切开,进入咽腔,咽后壁及侧壁黏膜下淤血。将隆起的黏膜及黏膜下层行病理检查示（图3A、B）：鳞状上皮增生,黏膜下层及肌层广泛出血,炎细胞浸润。术中明确临床诊断：咽部血肿,行血肿清除术。冲洗后对位缝合黏膜,封闭咽腔,颈部逐层缝合,包扎。术后鼻饲饮食,术后第8天复查电子喉镜（图2C、D）：会厌形态正常,血肿消失,双侧声带运动良好,梨状窝显露良好。复查喉部CT（图1E、F）：气道形态正常。拔除胃管及气管套管,患者痊愈出院。术后3个月电子喉镜示（图2E、F）：咽喉部黏膜光滑,会厌抬举良好,声带黏膜光滑,运动良好。     

喉神经鞘瘤2例

例1女,14岁,因持续声嘶、渐进性加重半年,于1995年8月3日入院。患者半年前无明显诱因出现声音嘶哑,逐渐加重,无发热、咳嗽、咳血及呼吸困难。间接喉镜检查:右侧喉室内突出一红色肿物,约1.5 cm×1.5 cm,表面光滑,覆盖右侧声带,左侧声带、喉室、室带及会厌、梨状窝未见异常。全     

喉血管平滑肌瘤1例

患者 ,男 ,41岁。因声音嘶哑 ,渐进性加重 3年 ,偶有痰中带血 1个月 ,于 1 987年 9月入院。既往无烟酒嗜好史。间接喉镜下见声门下腔右侧红色新生物 ,表面光滑 ,活动度差。颈部 X线侧位片示喉腔内(约第 6颈椎水平 ) ,有一边缘光滑、密度均匀、约1 .5cm大小之圆形阴影。实验室各项检查正常。病理报告 :喉平滑肌瘤。局麻下行气管切开术 ,并在插管全麻下行喉裂开声门下腔新生物切除术。术中见肿瘤位于声门下腔环状软骨上缘的右侧壁上 ,无明显蒂部。完整切除瘤体 ,约 1 .5cm× 1 .2 cm× 1 .0cm大小。术后伤口 期愈合 ,声音恢复正常 ,拔管痊愈…     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation in young children

Objectives

To compare the preverbal communication skills of two groups of young implanted children: those with unilateral implantation and those with bilateral implantation.

Material and methods

The study assessed 69 children: 42 unilaterally and 27 bilaterally implanted with age at implantation less than 3 years. The preverbal skills of these children were measured before and 1 year after implantation, using Tait Video Analysis that has been found able to predict later speech outcomes in young implanted children.

Results

Before implantation there was no significant difference between the unilateral group and the bilateral group. There was still no difference at 12 months following implantation where vocal autonomy is concerned, but a strongly significant difference between the groups for vocal turn-taking and non-looking vocal turns, the bilateral group outperforming the unilateral group. Regarding gestural turn-taking and gestural autonomy, there was a strongly significant difference between the two groups at the 12 month interval, and also a difference before implantation for gestural autonomy, the unilateral group having the higher scores. Multiple regression of non-looking vocal turns revealed that 1 year following implantation, bilateral implantation contributed to 51% of the variance (p < 0.0001), after controlling for the influence of age at implantation and length of deafness which did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Profoundly deaf bilaterally implanted children are significantly more likely to use vocalisation to communicate, and to use audition when interacting vocally with an adult, compared with unilaterally implanted children. These results are independent of age at implantation and length of deafness.