自体富白细胞-血小板纤维蛋白凝胶与腘绳肌腱修复创伤性髌骨脱位

背景：临床上创伤性髌骨脱位合并内侧髌股韧带股骨止点或体部撕裂多采用内侧髌股韧带重建手术，为促进内侧髌股韧带重建术后的腱骨愈合，研究者采用了包括生长因子、干细胞、富血小板血浆在内的多种生物治疗技术。目的：探讨自体富白细胞-血小板纤维蛋白凝胶联合腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带修复创伤性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法：选择2019年2月至2021年2月秦皇岛市第一医院诊治的创伤性髌骨脱位患者37例，采用随机数字表法分为试验组(n=18)与对照组(n=19)，试验组接受自体富白细胞-血小板纤维蛋白凝胶联合自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带手术，对照组接受单纯自体绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带手术。两组患者术后随访12个月，通过目测类比评分、Lysholm评分、Kujala髌股关节评分及膝关节活动度评估患者膝关节疼痛及功能状态，通过MRI及CT片测量髌股关节髌骨倾斜角、髌骨适合角及髌骨外移率，评估髌股关节的稳定性及改善情况。结果与结论：(1)两组术后6,12个月的目测类比评分均低于术前(P <0.05)，术后6,12个月的Lysholm评分、Kujala髌股关节评分均高于术前(P <0.05)；试验组术后6个...     

关节镜辅助下三联法治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位的疗效观察

目的　探讨关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位临床疗效。 方法　回顾分析2014年1月至2017年1月收治10例12膝儿童髌骨固定型脱患者资料,男6例8膝,女4例4膝;年龄为4~9岁,平均6.6岁。所有患者均采用关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位,术后随访根据髌骨稳定度及Kujala 评分评定膝关节功能恢复情况。 结果　10例儿童术后获得6~18个月（平均随访12个月）随访。所有儿童末次随访髌骨稳定度满意,Kujala 评分由术前的（42.12±14.37）分增加到随访时的（95.68±9.42）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论　关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定性脱位临床疗效满意,可以有效增加髌骨稳定性,改善膝关节功能,对骨骺不造成损害,是一种有效的治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位的手术方法。     

关节镜下外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌股关节脱位

目的　探讨关节镜辅助下外侧支持带松解联合内侧髌股韧带（medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL）重建手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。 方法　对我院2012年1月-2015年1月收治的19例复发性髌骨脱位患者,采取关节镜辅助下行外侧支持带松解、内侧髌股韧带重建联合手术。术后定期随访,记录术前和术后影像学结果、Lysholm 膝关节功能综合评分和 Kujala 髌股关节评分,观察重建韧带长度变化。 结果　19例均获随访,时间( 25.7±8. 56) 月（12~48月）,术后无髌骨再脱位及恐惧征,无髌股关节疼痛加重,X线显示Q角在正常范围,膝关节CT（屈膝45°）显示患者髌骨外侧关节面张开角从术前平均（-1.2±6.8)°（-16°~8°）提高至术后(11.2±5.1)°（5°~18°）,较术前有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。术后1年Lysholm 评分及Kujala 髌股关节评分较术前有明显改善。重建韧带长度术后即刻平均为（57.81±6.76）mm,术后1年为（58.36±6.87）mm,无明显松弛。 结论　关节镜辅助下二联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位,能有效恢复髌股关节位置和功能,预防复发,术后1年韧带无明显松弛,疗效满意。     

内侧髌胫韧带的应用解剖、生物力学及重建的研究进展

目的 总结内侧髌胫韧带（MPTL）的应用解剖及生物力学、重建技术及其临床疗效研究进展。方法 在中国知网、PubMed、Web of Science数据库中,检索2022年5月之前公开发表的关于MPTL解剖、生物力学及重建技术研究文献47篇;通过对上述文章的参考文献进行筛选,补充检索21篇。按照本研究纳入和排除标准,最终纳入47篇文献（中文文献5篇、英文文献42篇）进行分析和总结。结果 MPTL位于膝关节内侧支持带第二层,起自髌骨内侧下端。沿内下方走行,止于胫骨前内侧近端。MPTL内侧总约束力约为5%,并且主要在膝关节屈曲30°~90°的倾斜和旋转中发挥作用。此外,初次髌骨脱位常伴有内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）和MPTL的联合损伤。MPTL参与的重建方式主要分为单纯MPTL重建和MPFL联合MPTL重建,前者临床研究疗效良好,但单纯重建MPTL无法恢复内侧支持带原有的生物力学结构,故不推荐在临床中应用。在多项MPFL联合MPTL重建临床研究中,患者术后功能Lysholm评分、Kujala评分和国际膝关节文献委员会（IKDC）评分,以及髌骨高度、胫骨结节-滑车沟、髌骨外移度等影像学指标均得到有效改善,但MPFL联合MPTL重建手术适应证仍未达成共识。结论 对MPTL的应用解剖和生物力学研究进一步证实了MPTL在维持髌股关节稳定性中的重要作用,因此,MPFL与MPTL联合重建能恢复内侧支持带的解剖和生物力学。为了满足临床需要,尚需要进一步研究以论证该手术的适应证。     

同种异体韧带重建内侧髌股韧带术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨同种异体韧带重建内侧髌股韧带(Medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨脱位(Recurrent dislocation of knee-cap,RDP)的疗效。方法采用同种异体韧带重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位21例,男9例,女12例;平均年龄33.9岁,根据Lysholm膝关节功能评定表评估膝关节功能来评价疗效。结果术后随访6~24个月,平均随访9.7月,优良19例,可差2例,优良率90.4%。结论同种异体韧带重建内侧髌骨韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位安全,可靠。     

成人复发性髌骨不稳的综合手术治疗效果分析

目的分析内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)重建+胫骨结节内移+远端移位的综合手术治疗复发性髌骨不稳的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2012年4月至2016年9月四川省绵阳市中心医院骨科收治的60例(60膝)复发性髌骨不稳患者的临床资料,均给予膝关节镜、下肢X射线片、CT、MRI检查,实施MPFL重建+胫骨结节内移+远端移位等综合手术治疗,术后至少随访1年,分析术前、术后末次随访物理学指标、影像学检查指标及膝关节功能评价结果。结果 60例患者术后随访显示恐惧试验均为阴性、髌骨倾斜试验对称,Q角恢复正常;屈伸活动、运动能力较术前有明显改善,未发生骨折、髌骨再脱位,影像学显示髌股关节对位良好。与术前相比,60例患者术后末次随访髌股适合角、髌骨外移度、外侧髌骨角显著降低,胫骨结节-股骨滑车间距(TT-TG)显著缩小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且均恢复到正常范围。术后末次随访Lysholm评分、Kujala评分显著高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)重建+胫骨结节内移+远端移位治疗复发性髌骨不稳的临床效果满意,对缓解症状和恢复膝关节功能有重要意义。     

髌股关节紊乱行关节镜手术治疗对髌股关节生物力学改变的三维有限元分析

目的采用三维有限元方法分析关节镜下行外侧髌骨支持带松解、内侧髌骨支持带紧缩手术前后髌股关节应力分布的改变情况。方法建立髌股关节紊乱患者关节镜手术前后髌股关节三维模型,并计算分析在加载200 N载荷下模型在不同屈膝角度(30°、60°、90°、120°)时的髌股关节最大应力和应力分布。结果关节镜术后模型不同屈膝角度的髌股关节最大应力较术前明显减小;术前髌股关节应力集中在髌股外侧关节面,而术后髌股关节应力得到重新分配。结论关节镜下外侧髌骨支持带松解、内侧髌骨支持带紧缩手术后,髌股关节不同屈膝角度的应力得到改善,为关节镜手术方法可以有效恢复髌股关节内外侧关节面压力平衡提供客观理论依据。对于临床上存在力线异常的早期髌股关节紊乱患者,建议应尽早手术干预。     

髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位

目的:探讨外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位及半脱位的手术方法及临床疗效.方法:经对10例(13膝)经临床检查确诊的髌骨脱位及半脱位患者,在行髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩的的基础上,配合胫骨结节内移等手术治疗.手术前后均对患者的膝关节功能进行Lysholm评分.结果:10例患者随访3～15个月(平均9个月),术后膝关节稳定性增加,无髌骨再脱位发生,恐惧试验均为阴性.Lysholm评分术前平均(69.6±3.9),术后平均(94.1±3.7).结论:髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩为主的综合术式治疗髌骨脱位能有效减轻症状防止复发,,对维持髌骨的稳定有重要作用.     

髌股关节排列异常的生物力学特性变化的实验研究

目的：采用电测实验应力分析和压敏片测量技术相结合的方法,对髌股关节的运动肌群应力的变化特点、髌股关节接触面积和应力分布进行了一系列实验测试。材料与方法：采用8具人膝关节标本,保留关节囊及股四头肌机腱,髌股关节间隙内安放压敏片,肌腱上安放应力传感器,进行不同条件下的加载试验。结果：（1）股四头肌肌力对髌骨的稳定起重要作用。股内、外侧肌力不平衡（即股内侧肌肌力较弱）可使骸股关节接触压力和分布状态发生变化,使外侧髌股关节面接触压力升高。（2）在模拟髌股关节排列异常（髌骨外侧倾斜）的标本上,外侧髌股关节面接触压力及范围均明显增高,但髌骨固定在相对较小范围,使局部应力集中。（3）模拟外侧支持带松解的标本上,外侧关节接触压力和面积均有所下降,髌骨活动度增大,缓解了局部高接触压状态,但股四头肌肌力的不平衡仍影响髌骨的稳定。结论：股四头肌肌力不平衡对髌股关节接触应力和分布状态以及髌骨的位移范围均有较大影响,提示临床治疗中不应忽视对股四头肌肌力的恢复。     

自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位:中期随访评价

背景:以自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带是现在较流行的修复方式。目的:观察重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的中期临床疗效。方法:回顾性研究2006年9月至2009年9月因复发性髌骨脱位而接受内侧髌股韧带重建的患者24例(25膝)资料,随访时间2-5年,平均3.1年,观察临床疗效、膝关节功能恢复及CT评估髌骨位置。结果与结论:随访结果显示,IKDC评分优良率为92%,2例(8%)患者再次发生髌骨脱位,需要再次手术治疗,随访时IKDC评分、Tenger评分、Lycholm评分明显高于术前(P0.01)。结果证实,自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位中期临床疗效较好。     

Lateral patellar retinaculum reconstruction for medial patellar instability following lateral retinacular release: A case report

Lateral retinacular release is still being performed in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation as an additional procedure with distal realignment or medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. However, consensus remains lacking regarding suitable indications for lateral retinacular release. A 20-year-old woman presented with patellar instability in both medial and lateral directions after undergoing lateral retinacular release with MPFL reconstruction. She displayed inherent systemic joint laxity meeting all seven Carter–Wilkinson criteria. Simultaneous MPFL revision and lateral retinaculum reconstruction successfully improved patellar instability in both directions. This case provides an example of iatrogenic medial patellar instability after failed lateral retinacular release.     

Arthroscopic repair of medial patellofemoral ligament avulsion in acute patellar dislocation in skeletally immature patient - A case report

Acute patellar dislocation is a severe injury to the knee and usually manifests with symptoms such as giving way, a sensation of lateral displacement of the patella accompanied by hemarthrosis and tenderness over the medial epicondylar region to palpation. Spontaneous reduction of the patella makes the diagnosis more difficult in initial evaluation. Radiographs often show a small bony avulsion at the medial border of the patella, which may represent an injury to the medial restraints. Magnetic resonance imaging may show a bone bruise on the medial patella, and/or on the lateral femoral condyle. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) may be avulsed distally, proximally or sustain in interstitial tear. Arthroscopic findings include hematoma and chondral or osteochondral lesions located on the central or medial facet of the patella or on the anterior lateral femoral condyle. We report a case of a patellar avulsion of medial patellofemoral ligament in a skeletally immature patient.     

Correlation of MR imaging findings and open exploration of medial patellofemoral ligament injuries in acute patellar dislocations

The purpose of this investigation was to correlate magnetic resonance (MR) images of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injuries with gross macroscopic findings. Twenty-seven knees with MPFL injury following an initial patellar dislocation were examined using axial proton-density and T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imaging. MR findings were subsequently correlated with open exploration. MPFL injury was observed in 26 (96%) of the 27 knees. From the MR images, discontinuity, irregularity and/or high-signal intensity changes anterior to the femoral attachment were seen in 13 (82%) of the 16 knees with substantial-tear type injuries of the MPFL. In 8 (80%) of the 10 knees with avulsion-tear type injuries, detachment of the MPFL from the femoral attachment, accompanied with or without high-signal intensity changes, was confirmed. MPFL injury types could be accurately diagnosed on 21 (81%) out of 26 knees using MR imaging. MR imaging was an acceptable method in diagnosing MPFL injury types.     

A mid-term follow-up of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using an artificial ligament for recurrent patellar dislocation

A prospective study on medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation was performed. At an average follow-up of 5.9 years, 27 MPFL reconstructions using a mesh-type artificial ligament and medial retinaculum slip coverage were reviewed using the Crosby and Insall grading system. Fifteen knees (55%) were classified as excellent, 11 knees (41%) as good, 1 knee (4%) as fair/poor and none as worse. At a mid-term follow-up, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction should be considered as a safe and effective operation.     

Medial marginal fracture of the patella following patellar dislocation

Among patients with patellar dislocation, a small fragment is occasionally found along the medial border of the patella. However, the detailed pathology of this fracture has not been clearly described, especially in relation to the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The purpose of this study was to describe the pathology of this fracture in relation to the MPFL. The subjects were seven patients with an acute primary patellar dislocation showing a medial marginal fracture of the patella. An open exploration was performed to confirm the relationship between the fragment and the MPFL. The MPFL was repaired by re-attachment to the patella with anchors. The patellar fracture site was determined by the location of anchors in the post-operative plain radiograph. The fragments were continuous with the thick and taut MPFL in all cases. Re-attachment of the MPFL stabilized the patella against lateral shift by manual force improving the tracking. All patients returned to their pre-injury activity level without any episodes of recurrent dislocation or subluxation at the final follow up (av. 31 months). Medial marginal fracture of the patella was an avulsion fracture of the MPFL that occurred at the middle one-third of the patella.     

自体半腱肌肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带治疗不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位

目的 探讨自体半腱肌肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月—2017年12月芜湖市中医院采用自体半腱肌肌腱双束解剖重建MPFL的12例不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位患者的临床资料,其中男2例、女10例,年龄14～46(27.75±10.14)岁。所有患者术中髌骨侧采用2枚带线锚钉固定移植物,关节镜下调节张力后股骨侧采用界面挤压螺钉固定移植物。术后定期进行随访,主观评价髌股关节摩擦感、髌骨异常活动、髌骨外推试验及外推恐惧试验、膝关节活动度、肌力检测,影像学(X线片及CT)评估测量骨道位置,采用Lysholm、Tegner和Kujala主观评分评价手术前后膝关节功能。结果 12例患者手术均顺利,术后随访12～24个月,平均13.5个月。术后均无髌骨再脱位、髌骨错动,0°位和屈膝30°位髌骨外推试验和外推恐惧试验均为阴性。Lysholm评分术前为(66.00±4.71)分、末次随访为(92.67±3.23)分,Tegner评分术前为(3.33±0.89)分、末次随访为(5.33±0.78)分,Kujala主观评分术前为(53.67±3.23)分、末次随访为(91.50±2.68)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=16.248、32.176、89.350, P值均＜0.01)。结论 对于不伴有骨性畸形的复发性髌骨脱位的患者,自体半腱肌肌腱双束解剖重建MPFL,是一种安全、有效、可靠的治疗方法,能够获得满意的临床效果。     

A new technique for reconstructing the medial patellofemoral ligament

Many surgical techniques exist for treating patella instability. Over recent years, attention has focussed on reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). We report a procedure involving a lateral release, distal realignment of the tibial tubercle and anatomic reconstruction of the MPFL using a graft composed of a redundant strip of medial retinacular tissue. Nineteen patients (twenty-one knees) with chronic patellofemoral instability who had failed conservative treatment underwent this procedure and were assessed clinically and radiologically at an average of 23 months post-operation. No patients were lost to follow-up. There was no recurrence of subluxation or dislocation. All achieved levels of activity comparable to or improved compared to pre-operative uninjured levels. This combined procedure incorporating a previously un-described method of reconstructing the MPFL gives superior results compared to previous studies. No graft donor site morbidity occurred and patient outcome scores, especially objective stability of the patella to lateral shift, were excellent.     

The anatomy and reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament

INTRODUCTION: Reconstruction of the MPFL for recurrent and acute lateral dislocation of the patella is becoming more accepted. This study aimed to further define the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) anatomy and to describe the most suitable sites for graft attachment when reconstructing the MPFL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anatomical dissection was performed on 25 embalmed knee specimens. Four separate specimens were used to assess graft fixation points. Sites were tested for isometricity from 0 to 120 degrees of knee flexion. Length patterns were considered isometric if there was less than 5 mm of length change throughout range of motion. RESULTS: The MPFL attaches from the posterior part of the medial epicondyle, to the superomedial patella, the under-surface of vastus medialis, and the quadriceps tendon. Optimal attachment points for an MPFL graft were the superior patella and the femoral attachment points of the MPFL (just distal to the adductor tubercle) and points posterior and inferior to this. CONCLUSION: We have defined the anatomy and kinematics of the MPFL with reconstruction of this ligament in mind.