IL-13鳞状细胞癌抗原及IgE在儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘中的检测价值

目的　咳嗽变异性哮喘是一种与白细胞介素 13(IL 13)相关的以气道炎症为特征的疾病。研究表明 ,IL 13所诱导的基因中鳞状细胞癌抗原 (SccAg)表达最多 ,因此推测SccAg在咳嗽变异性哮喘中的发病中也起重要作用。本文旨在评价IL 13、SccAg及免疫球蛋白E(IgE)在咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿中的检测价值。 方法　用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)法检测 5 1例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿、2 6例哮喘患儿、33例正常儿童血清IL 13、SccAg及IgE水平 ,并对结果进行统计学处理。 结果　①咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿发作期血清IL 13(2 38.88± 4 0 .0 7ng/L)、SccAg (2 .81± 0 .38ng/ml)水平显著高于缓解期 (85 .15± 17.98ng/L,2 .2 9± 0 .31ng/ml)及正常对照组 (77.2 7±18.16ng/L,2 .2 9± 0 .34ng/ml) (均P <0 .0 1) ,但缓解期及正常对照组间差异无显著性 ;②咳嗽变异性哮喘发作期患儿血清IgE (6 2 2 .4 8± 2 95 .0 1KU/L)水平显著高于缓解期 (373.81± 15 7.92KU/L) ,两组均显著高于正常对照组 (10 2 .99± 38.81KU/L) (均P <0 .0 1) ;③咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿发作期血清IL 13、SccAg及IgE水平与哮喘患儿发作期 (2 6 3.12± 4 9.99ng/L ,3.0 1± 0 .37ng/ml,717.0 4± 314 .0 1KU/L)间差异无显著性。结论　联合检测血清IL 13、SccAg及IgE水     

支气管哮喘患儿血清IL-10含量和峰流速值变化的研究

目的　观察哮喘发作期和缓解期血清中IL 10和峰流速 (PEF)的变化及相互关系。方法　发作期哮喘患儿 18例 ,对照组 2 1例 ,均为健康儿童。哮喘患儿均于住院后立即采集急性期静脉血液标本 3mL ,同时测定PEF值详细记录。经GINA方案的系统治疗 ,临床症状完全消失后采集恢复期静脉血液标本 3ml。血清IL 10测定采用抗体夹心ELIS ALA法 ,同时测定PEF值。结果　哮喘发作期IL 10 (7 6 0± 2 18)ng/L ,明显低于正常对照组 (15 2 5± 3 4 4 )ng/L ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。发作期PEF(73 38± 33 80 )L min ,明显低于正常对组 (15 7± 2 2 13)L min ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。哮喘组治疗前、后IL 10测定恢复期 (14 2 9± 2 98ng L)明显高于发作期 (7 6 0± 2 18ng L) ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。PEF测定恢复期 (14 0± 5 1 82 )L/min明显高于发作期 (73 38± 33 80 )L min ,有显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　支气管哮喘患儿发作期血清IL 10水平明显低于正常对照组及哮喘恢复期患儿 ,表明IL 10在哮喘的发病过程中起重要作用。血清IL 10含量及PEF值的研究对哮喘病的诊断和疗效的评价有重要价值 ,且为IL 10成为新一代抗炎药物提供有利依据。     

过敏性紫癜患儿血清白细胞介素—6、肿瘤坏死因子—α、白细胞介素—10的变化

目的　探讨过敏性紫癜 (HSP)的免疫作用机制。方法　采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA) ,对 5 0例HSP患儿进行血清白细胞介素 6(IL 6)、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、IL 10的测定 ,并与 3 0例正常对照组比较。结果　HSP组血清IL 6( 0 .0 72± 0 .0 2 6)ng/ml,对照组 ( 0 .0 42± 0 .0 15 )ng/ml;TNF α( 0 .92 7± 0 .3 80 )ng/ml,对照组 ( 0 .5 92± 0 .3 2 0 )ng/ml;IL 10 ( 0 .0 67± 0 .0 3 1)ng/ml,对照组 ( 0 .0 40± 0 .0 19)ng/ml;IgE( 12 .0 3± 2 .45 ) g/L ,对照组 ( 4.60± 3 .70 )g/L ;IgA( 1.75± 0 .3 5 ) g/L ,对照组 ( 1.0 0± 0 .5 0 ) g/L ;IL 6、IL 10、TNF α、IgA、IgE均明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 1) ,经相关分析发现IL 6、IL 10与IgA呈显著正相关 (r=0 .798,0 .82 9　P <0 .0 1)。结论　过敏性紫癜存在细胞免疫功能紊乱 ,其参与了HSP的发病过程     

肺炎患儿血清β_2-微球蛋白及白细胞介素-2水平变化

目的　探讨小儿肺炎时免疫功能的变化。方法　采用放射免疫分析法测定 12 8例肺炎患儿血清β2 微球蛋白 (β2 MG)及白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )水平 ,并与 38例健康儿童相比较。结果　轻、重型肺炎血 β2 MG水平分别为 (3.0 8± 0 .72 )mg/L ,(3.5 6± 0 .5 3)mg/L ,明显高于对照组 (1.83± 0 .5 7)mg/L ,P <0 .0 1;IL 2水平分别为 (2 .13± 0 .84)ng/L ,(1.95± 0 .79)ng/L较对照组 (5 .31± 1.2 4)ng/L显著降低 ,P <0 .0 1。结论　肺炎患儿细胞免疫功能较健康儿童低下。     

哮喘儿童嗜酸性粒细胞趋化蛋白的测定及其临床意义

目的　观察支气管哮喘患儿急性发作期、缓解期及哮喘急性发作不同程度时嗜酸性粒细胞趋化蛋白 (Eotaxin)水平的变化 ,评价其反映哮喘气道炎症的临床价值。方法　采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)方法对 5 1例哮喘急性发作患儿、4 7例哮喘缓解期患儿及 30例正常儿童的外周血标本进行血清Eotaxin水平的测定 ,并对其中 9例哮喘急性发作患者、10例哮喘缓解期患者及8例正常人的外周血做了外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)分离和培养 ,并测定了PBMC表达的Eotaxin水平。结果　哮喘急性发作组血清Eotaxin水平为 (137± 6 4 )ng/L ,缓解期组为 (94± 36 )ng/L ,正常组为(80± 4 1)ng/L ,(F =13 5 7,P <0 0 0 1) ;且急性发作组Eotaxin水平的升高程度与病情严重程度相关 ,中、重度组Eotaxin水平为 (16 0± 72 )ng/L ,高于轻度组 (112± 4 8)ng/L(t =2 84 9,P <0 0 1)。而三组的PBMC的Eotaxin水平均极低 ,不能被测出。结论　血清Eotaxin升高是反映哮喘急性发作、病情严重程度及气道炎症变化的较为客观的指标     

IL-4IL-5及IgE在儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘中的价值

目的：咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)是一种与气道炎症相关的疾病,有研究表明IL-4,IL-5与IgE的产生有相关性,而且与哮喘的形成有关,因此推测IL-4,IL-5在CVA发病中起重要作用。该文旨在观察IL-4,IL-5及IgE在咳嗽变异性哮喘中的诊断价值。方法：用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA法)检测咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿、哮喘急性发作期患儿、正常同龄儿童各30例外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)内IL-4,IL-5及血清IgE水平。结果：①咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿发作期PBMCIL-4为91.57±12.19ng/L、IL-5为13.28±0.31ng/mL,显著高于缓解期的74.68±11.54ng/L,6.53±0.28ng/mL及正常对照组70.32±18.16ng/L,5.29±0.36ng/mL,(均P<0.01),但缓解期及正常对照组间差异无统计学意义;②咳嗽变异性哮喘发作期患儿血清IgE水平为279.6±41.3KU/L,显著高于缓解期153.8±37.5KU/L,两组均显著高于正常对照组的90.6±44.8KU/L,(均P<0.01);③咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿发作期IL-4,IL-5及IgE水平与哮喘患儿发作期的92.21±3.12ng/L,15.11±1.37ng/mL,287.5±41.9KU/L之间相比差异无统计学意义。结论：联合检测单个核细胞内IL-4,IL-5及血清IgE水平对咳嗽变异性哮喘的诊断有重要价值;IL-4,IL-5可能在咳嗽变异性哮喘的发病机制中起重要作用;咳嗽变异性哮喘可能存在与哮喘相同的发病机制,是典型哮喘的前驱表现。     

支气管哮喘患儿血清褪黑素水平检测的意义

目的研究不同病情支气管哮喘患儿血清褪黑素水平变化,探讨影响哮喘患儿血清褪黑素水平变化的因素。方法收集哮喘患儿及健康儿童血清样品75例。其中轻度、中度、重度发作期组及临床缓解期组患儿各15例;健康对照组15例。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测其血清样品褪黑素水平。结果血清褪黑素水平轻度发作组[(22.76±5.16)ng/L],中度发作组[(16.79±3.35)ng/L],重度发作组[(11.54±1.45)ng/L],缓解期组[(22.06±3.36)ng/L],对照组[(28.72±4.32)ng/L],5组间进行多重比较,除缓解期组与轻度发作组无显著差异外,余各组间均有显著差异(Pa<0.05);随着病情加重,褪黑素的水平渐降低。结论哮喘患儿血清褪黑素水平明显降低,可能与患儿睡眠紊乱、机体处于应激状态时体内高水平皮质激素对松果腺的抑制有关。     

哮喘患儿单个核细胞产生IL—4,IFN—γ与血清IgE的关系

探讨哮喘患儿急性发作期与缓解期单个核细胞（PBMC）产生IL－、IFN－γ水平与IgE的关系。方法用ELISA方法测血清IL-4、IFN-γ和IgG水平，对检测结果统计学处理。结果哮喘急性期和缓解期血清IL-4水平分别为260．1±29．1ng／L和193．7±44．0ng／L（P＜0．001），IFN－γ分别为462．4±69．1ng／L和548．1±78．0ng／L（P＜0．001），Ige分别为2649．36±1413．88U／L和1726．39±1100．22U／L（P＜0．001），IL－4与IgE水平呈明显正相关。结论哮喘患儿急性发作期血清IL－4、IgE水平明显高于缓解期，IFN－γ低于缓解期，IL－4、IFN－γ和IgE在哮喘发病中具有重要作用。     

神经激肽A在哮喘患儿血浆含量变化的动态研究

目的　动态研究哮喘患儿血浆神经激肽A(NKA)含量变化规律 ,探讨NKA与小儿哮喘的关系。方法　用酶联免疫方法 ,动态测定 35例不同严重程度哮喘小儿血浆NKA在哮喘发作期及其临床症状缓解期的含量变化。结果　 (1 )小儿哮喘发作期血浆NKA含量 [(2 56± 1 53)ng/L]高于自身症状缓解期 [(70± 66)ng/L]及正常对照组 [(38± 6)ng/L] ,差异有非常显著意义 (q分别为9 497、8 599,P均 <0 0 1 ) ;哮喘症状缓解期血浆NKA含量较正常对照组差异无显著意义 (q =1 2 4 5 ,P >0 0 5)。 (2 )哮喘小儿病情加重 ,血浆NKA含量亦随之增高 ,重度哮喘发作时血浆NKA含量 [(2 96± 1 70 )ng/L]明显高于轻、中度哮喘发作时含量 [(1 90± 99)ng/L] ,差异有显著意义 (q =3 77,P <0 0 5)。结论　小儿哮喘发作期血中NKA含量明显增高 ,病情愈重增高越明显 ,随哮喘症状缓解血中NKA含量下降至正常水平 ;血中NKA含量的变化与小儿哮喘的发作及缓解关系密切     

新生儿HIE血清IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α动态变化及临床意义探讨

为探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)外周血IL -6、IL -8与TNF -α变化的临床意义 ,采用放射免疫法 ,对生后 1天 ( 2 4小时内 )、3天及 7天检测了 40例HIE患儿及 40例正常新生儿外因血IL 6、IL 8与TNF α水平。结果显示 ,与正常新生儿比较 ,HIE患儿生后 1天血清IL -6水平分别为 ( 5 2 6± 2 4 5 )对 ( 80 2± 2 9 4)ng L(P <0 0 1) ,IL -8分别为 ( 0 47± 0 13)对 ( 0 6 8± 0 16 ) μg L(P <0 0 1) ,TNF -α分别为( 1 18± 0 31)对 ( 0 91± 0 30 ) μg L(P <0 0 1) ,而且病情越重改变越明显 ;至生后 1周IL -6、TNF -α恢复至正常 ,与对照组水平相比P >0 0 5 ,而IL -8则仍显著低于正常新生儿 (P <0 0 1)。因此 ,认为围产期窒息与HIE患儿外周血IL -6与IL -8水平减低 ,TNF -α水平升高 ;它们可能参与了新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的某些发病过程。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.