植入式静脉输液港相关并发症的临床分析

目的探讨乳腺癌患者使用植入式静脉输液港相关并发症及其临床处理方法。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月至2016年3月755例乳腺癌患者使用植入式静脉输液港化疗后并发症及其临床处理方法。结果 753例置港成功并已顺利取港,输液港总置管时间为110~940 d,平均置管时间为147.33 d。输液港并发症为导管异位、导管相关性血栓形成、导管脱落、港体外露及输液港相关性血流感染,发生率分别为0.79%(6/755)、27.81%(210/755)、0.13%(1/755)、0.93%(7/755)和0.13%(1/755)。其中经左侧颈内静脉穿刺置港的并发症发生率34.88%,右侧为25.74%,左右对比差异有统计学意义(P=0.008)。左侧输液港置入血栓发生率为33.10%,右侧为24.68%,左右侧对比差异有统计学意义(P=0.013)。结论乳腺癌患者化疗期间使用植入式静脉输液港化疗安全有效,经右侧颈内静脉置入输液港并发症发生率低;输液港最常见的并发症为输液港导管周围无症状附壁血栓形成,应予以重视。     

经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置入术导管异位的影响因素

目的探讨经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置入术(PICC)发生导管异位的相关因素,提出针对性的干预措施,以减少导管异位的发生。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月在重庆市急救医疗中心神经外科行PICC的167例患者的临床资料,统计PICC导管异位情况,对可能引起导管路径异常的相关影响因素进行统计学分析。结果本组167例PICC患者中,导管异位16例(9.58%)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,气管切开(OR=1.569)、机械通气(OR=1.598)、经头静脉穿刺(OR=1.985)、患者意识障碍(OR=1.866)、送管次数大于2次(OR=1.265)、锁骨下静脉置管史(OR=1.632)是神经外科患者PICC导管异位的危险因素。结论神经外科有高危因素的患者行PICC置管时,建议首选经贵要静脉路径穿刺置管,肘正中静脉次之,同时应根据患者个体情况,给予针对性的干预措施,减少PICC导管异位发生率。     

乳腺癌患者输液港导管异位后安全性探讨

目的探讨输液港植入后导管异位对乳腺癌患者治疗的影响。方法对2017年11月至2018年11月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院乳腺甲状腺外科植入输液港后发生导管异位的9例乳腺癌患者进行跟踪随访,观察患者输液港植入术后1周有无早期并发症,如术区青紫或疼痛、伤口感染或/和裂开、局部肿胀及血肿;植港后3、6个月随访患者有无远期并发症,如输液不畅、夹闭综合征、血栓形成情况等。结果本研究中9例输液港导管异位患者均完成既定的6～8个周期化疗,其中3例患者化疗周期结束后拔除输液港; 6例患者化疗周期结束后继续使用输液港进行后续分子靶向治疗,随访期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论输液港植入后发生导管异位,只要患者无自觉症状,在确认回抽见血、输注液体通畅后可正常使用,但要对患者进行6个月至1年的随访,密切观察有无并发症。     

1例肺癌患者经外周中心静脉置管失败锁骨下静脉留管的护理体会

目的：通过对1例PICC常规置管失败、锁骨下静脉留管的特殊病例的成功护理经历,给由于某些原因导管尖端始终无法到达理想位置,导管尖端只能到达锁骨下静脉的PICC穿刺失败病例一点启示,表明只要防护措施得当保留导管、延长留管时间亦有可行性,减轻反复穿刺带来的痛苦和麻烦、减少经济浪费、提高患者生活质量并不是不可实现。方法1例肺癌患者按常规操作程序操作,X线示院导管在锁骨下静脉处反折,多次尝试,导管末端始终无法进入头臂静脉,患者要求中长度留管,汇报医生,鉴于Angle JF等[4]等剪短导管使尖端被放置在腋静脉或锁骨下静脉时,对非刺激性的物质如生理盐水及血液输注依然适用,考虑患者的治疗为姑息性、外周血管条件差等原因,将导管末端留置于锁骨下静脉。我科护士经过耐心的心理护理、细致的观察、切实有效的沟通和健康宣教、结合有效护理、到位的出院维护等综合防护措施,患者静脉炎、导管内回血得以有效控制,未见其他并发症的发生,携管出院期间预防措施落实得当,无特殊情况的发生,生命末期输液治疗得以安全、顺利进行。结果导管留置5月余未出现明显不良并发症,至患者疾病不治身亡,导管仍有效发挥输液作用,为患者在生命末期保留了一条生命通道、减轻了反复穿刺带来的痛苦和麻烦、减少了经济浪费、提高了生活质量,获得了床位医生、患者及家属的一致肯定。结论此次护理经历为我科在以后的工作中不断完善穿刺水平、提升PICC护理质量提供了宝贵的经验,希望也能给PICC穿刺和护理的同仁们一点点启示。让我们在以人为本的护理理念的指导下,以高度的责任心完成PICC各项工作,努力达到减轻患者痛苦、提高患者生活质量的目的,从而真正体现PICC护理的工作的内涵。     

锁骨下静脉置管在神经外科的应用及护理

锁骨下静脉置管术是神经外科最快捷、安全、有效的深静脉输液方法，以其可以较长时间留管，导管容易固定、护理方便、颈部活动不受限制等优点，广泛应用于临床。锁骨下静脉置管并发感染的发生率低于颈内静脉置管，属保留中心静脉导管的首选。抢救危重休克、长期输液、周围静脉不易穿刺、大手术、测定中心静脉压或深静脉营养和化疗等患者，传统的周围浅静脉穿刺已不能满足临床治疗的需要。行锁骨下静脉置管术，有利于进行手术期补液、营养支持、危重病人抢救时的及时用药、抽血、血液制品的输入、中心静脉压的测定及肿瘤病人的化疗等，它减轻了护理工作量。     

经右锁骨上锁骨下静脉途径植入永久性心脏起搏器

目的探索一种安全、快速、可靠的植入永久起搏电极导线的途径,在危重患者或难以到达上腔静脉和心脏时选用。方法选择1988年8月到2003年1月采用锁骨下静脉途径首次植入起搏器264例患者,其中176例经锁骨下穿刺,88例经锁骨上穿刺。经右锁骨上穿刺锁骨下静脉途径置入电极导线的条件是危重病例或难以进入上腔静脉入路的患者。采用Yoffa氏法静脉穿刺,起搏器植于右锁骨下,皮下隧道呈弧形,首先弯向胸锁关节,再弯向电极入口处。结果经锁骨上穿刺患者随访(5.9±2.6)年。经锁骨下穿刺患者随访(5.9±3.2)年。经锁骨上途径静脉穿刺时间为(5.2±1.4)min,明显快于经锁骨下穿刺途径[(10.3±1.5)min](P<0.01)。经锁骨上途径术中失血量[(10.3±2.3)ml]较锁骨下途径多。起搏器总植入时间经锁骨上穿刺途径(65.9±15.5)min,稍快于经锁骨下穿刺途径[(70.4±13.7)min]P(<0.05)。经锁骨上途径无电极脱位、电极断裂及电极磨蚀皮肤发生。结论经右侧锁骨上锁骨下静脉途径安装起搏器导线是快速、安全、可靠的,当对危重患者经锁骨下途径穿刺困难或电极导线经锁骨下途径难以进入上腔静脉时,右锁骨上途径为可靠的路径选择。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术600例临床观察及解剖学基础

目的熟悉锁骨下静脉的局部解剖结构,熟练掌握SVC的操作方法和技能,提高穿刺成功率。方法回顾性分析我院2010年3月至2014年3月接受SVC的600例住院患者(男410例,女190例)的临床资料。结果成功穿刺582例,穿刺成功率为97%。其中1次穿刺成功546例(91%),重复穿刺或改颈内静脉或其它穿刺38例(6.3%),失败16例(2.7%)。发生并发症22例(3.7%),其中误入动脉8例(1.3%),气胸3例(0.5%),导管尖端导入颈内静脉5例(0.8%),导管相关感染2例(0.3%),导管堵塞2例(0.3%),心律失常2例(0.3%)。结论 SVC简单易学,安全可靠,成功率高,并发症少,导管保留时间较长,是一种较好的中心静脉穿刺方法,值得在临床推广使用。     

肝移植术中心静脉穿刺置管的解剖定位研究

目的比较解剖定位颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉两种路径行中心静脉穿刺置管的成功率和并发症,为临床选择安全有效的穿刺路径提供参考。方法限期肝移植手术患者随机交叉研究,随机确定颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉穿刺的先后顺序。全身麻醉诱导后,由同一组麻醉医师依据解剖定位标志按确定的穿刺顺序完成颈内静脉穿刺置管、锁骨下静脉穿刺置管。记录成功置管前静脉穿刺次数、引导钢丝置入次数,置管时间;同时记录误入动脉、血肿形成、气胸等并发症的发生率。结果 42例限期肝移植手术患者入选该研究。颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉穿刺置管的次数分别为(2.3±0.7)次,(2.9±1.4)次(n=42,P0.05),置管时间分别是(1.58±0.49)min,(2.24±1.01)min(n=42,P0.05)。1例患者行颈内静脉穿刺时误入颈动脉,并发血肿;1例患者行锁骨下静脉穿刺后出现血肿。结论解剖定位穿刺颈内静脉比锁骨下静脉更容易更快捷。     

两侧锁骨下静脉置管误入颈内静脉发生率的比较

危重病患者由于治疗需要常常放置深静脉导管.其中锁骨下静脉置管,因其感染率低、固定方便及患者感觉舒适而成为保留较长时间静脉通路的重要途径.而误入颈内静脉为穿刺置管的并发症之一,易引起中心静脉压读数错误和血栓性静脉炎.笔者观察了两侧锁骨下静脉置管误入同侧颈内静脉的发生率,报道如下.     

应用心电图监测中心静脉导管位置

完全胃肠外营养患者常需把导管置入上腔静脉作为输液通道。若导管位置过深,可造成心房栓塞、急性心压塞、心律失常等并发症;导管位置过浅又易导致静脉血栓及静脉炎。因此确保中心静脉导管尖端适宜位置非常重要。 近一年来,我们经右锁骨下静脉穿刺插入中心静脉导管时,采用心电图监测方法成功 使导管尖端留置于上腔静脉内。     

改良穿刺法与传统穿刺法在锁骨下静脉穿刺术中应用效果的比较

目的 比较改良穿刺法与传统穿刺法在锁骨下静脉穿刺术中的穿刺成功率及并发症, 探索更加安全、高效的锁骨下静脉穿刺方法。方法 前瞻性选取2016年6月—2017年6月200例拟行全身麻醉锁骨下静脉穿刺置管的患者,其中男100例、女100例,年龄17~83岁。依随机数字表法分为传统组、改良组、传统B超组、改良B超组,每组50例,分别采用传统穿刺法、改良穿刺法、B超引导传统穿刺法和B 超引导改良穿刺法行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管。比较4组的穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、穿刺次数及相关并发症的发生率。结果 (1)改良组穿刺总成功率为98.0%(49/50)、一次穿刺成功率为90.0%(45/50),高于传统组的94.0%(47/50)和64.0%(32/50);改良组穿刺次数明显少于传统法组,穿刺时间短于传统组,总并发症发生率低于传统组;差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(2)改良组、改良B超组和传统B超组一次穿刺成功率高于传统组(P值均＜0.01)。(3)改良B超组和传统B超组穿刺时间、穿刺次数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 改良穿刺法较传统穿刺法在锁骨下静脉穿刺术临床应用中的优势明显,其穿刺成功率更高,并发症更少,值得推广;超声引导下行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管成功率高,并发症少, 更加安全高效,尤其对于穿刺困难的患者,有重要的临床实用价值。     

Expanding our interventional skills: placement of totally implantable injection ports by internists/intensivists

Totally implantable injection ports are usually placed by surgeons or radiologists using fluoroscopic guidance. In a prospective study we evaluated the efficacy of percutaneous insertion of these devices without the use of fluoroscopic control by internists/intensivists experienced in the placement of permanent cuffed catheters. The supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein was chosen for first line puncture site because of its low rate of malpositions and complications. 101 ports were inserted in 101 consecutive patients, 96 from the supraclavicular approach. Difficulties in introducing the catheter through the peel-away sheath, misplacement into adjacent vessels, secondary migration, or fragmentation of a line were not observed. Function was excellent in all ports. Three pneumothoraces (3%) and three arterial punctures (3%), none of which required intervention, were recorded. Two ports (2%) had to be revised, one due to local hematoma and another because of inadequate catheter length. Catheter survival was 94% in a 30-month observation period. Placement of totally implantable port systems by internists/intensivists experienced in placing central venous lines is safe and efficient, thus the implantation can easily be performed with minimal technical expenditure in the setting of an intensive care unit. The supraclavicular approach is suitable for insertion of permanent infusion port systems without fluoroscopic control.     

Anatomical basis of central venous catheter fracture

Central venous catheter fracture is a rare complication of long-term indwelling subclavian venous access. Subclavian vein access has been the recommended approach for placing central venous catheters. The anatomical landmark method for subclavian access remains a highly successful and nonequipment-dependent method for rapid central access. More recently, the internal jugular vein approach has emerged as the preferred route for long-term central venous access. However, variations in internal jugular vein anatomy make the landmark method less reliable. Use of two-dimensional real-time ultrasound during internal jugular vein access is associated with better success, a lower complication rate, and faster access. A case of central venous catheter fracture initiated an internal review of long-term central venous access procedures. We have converted to a predominantly internal jugular vein approach. This case report and literature review may assist other physicians and institutions in re-evaluating long-term central venous access protocols.     

Mechanical complications at implantation sites

Mechanical complications of implanted venous access devices are more common than suggested by the literature. Among them, the most severe is catheter embolism, which is due primarily to costoclavicular pinch-off syndrome (POS). POS occurs mainly after infraclavicular approach of the subclavian vein, the incidence being 8/1000 in our experience. Clinical and radiological findings suggestive of rupture should be well known since they require removal of the device. Other access sites (internal jugular vein, cephalic vein, subclavian vein by the supraclavicular approach) seem preferable for long-term catheterization. Loss of adaptation between the site and catheter, precipitated by inopportune attempts at relieving obstruction or by a defective connector, is the second most common cause of embolism. Irrespective of the cause, the embolized fragment must be removed using vascular interventional radiological techniques in order to avoid severe thrombo-embolism. Thrombo-embolism can also result from secondary migration into a vein adjacent of a catheter that was properly positioned initially. This complication can be produced by forceful injections or by intrathoracic pressure changes generated by coughing or intrathoracic disorders. Clinicians should watch carefully for the evidence of central venous line dysfunction that usually accompanies these complications.     

Ultrasound‐guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy,technique, complications,and anatomical variations

Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular use it is still associated with a high incidence of complications especially infection and catheter tip embolization. Addition of ultrasound guidance to the technique has shown great improvement to the time and number of attempts for successful catheterization. The preference of vein depends greatly on the situation; subclavian vein is the preferred method overall but internal jugular vein is preferred in patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery. This is especially true for pediatric patients in whom femoral vein catheterization is still preferred despite it carrying a higher risk than other locales. Addition of ultrasound guidance greatly reduces the incidence of arterial puncture and subsequent hematoma formation regardless of location. This is because it allows for visualization of anatomical variation prior to intervention and continual visualization of the needle during the placement. It is noteworthy however, that addition of ultrasound does not prevent complications such as catheter tip embolization as this may occur even with perfect placement. The value of ultrasound usage is undisputable since all studies assessing the difference between it and landmark based methods showed preferable outcome. Reduction of time and number of attempts is sufficient argument to make ultrasound guidance standard practice. Clin. Anat. 30:237–250, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Femoral arteriovenous fistula: a complication of temporary hemodialysis catheter placement

The femoral vein is increasingly being used as a temporary route for dual-lumen hemodialysis catheter placement because it is thought to be safer than the internal jugular or subclavian vein sites. However, several factors preclude the wider use of indwelling femoral catheters for hemodialysis, including interference with ambulation and concern over bleeding, infection, and deep thrombosis. Herein we describe a case of right superficial femoral arteriovenous fistula as a complication of the insertion of a dual-lumen hemodialysis catheter into the right femoral vein. The arteriovenous fistula was successfully managed with surgical vascular repair. From this experience, we emphasize that it is important for physicians and nursing staff treating patients with indwelling central catheters to exercise vigilance to allow early detection and treatment of these potentially serious, albeit rare, complications.     

Finding on a chest radiograph: A dangerous complication of subclavian vein cannulation

Cannulation of the subclavian vein has its inherent risks. Post procedure chest radiograph is one of the investigations done to rule out immediate complications. Unless the clinician is aware as to what to look for in the radiograph, some of the dangerous complications can be overlooked. Accidental subclavian artery cannulation is identifi ed immediately by color and jet of the blood. Also the position of the catheter tip has to be confi rmed by obtaining the arterial pressure tracing using a pressure transducer. Non availability of Doppler ultrasound and pressure transducer are limiting factors for immediate confi rmation of proper catheter placement. Also, in patients with severe hypotension and reduced oxygen content of blood, accidental arterial puncture may not show the characteristic bright red pulsatile back fl ow of arterial blood. In these situations radiography can be used as a diagnostic tool to rule out subclavian artery cannulation.     

Review and Case Studies of Midthigh Femoral Central Venous Catheter Placement

Background

Bedside vascular access options have been limited to the short peripheral intravenous, midline catheter, peripherally inserted central catheter, and central venous catheter (CVC) insertion sites such as the jugular, subclavian, and femoral vein. Many patients with limited options for upper extremity, subclavicular, supraclavicular, and cervical limitations have traditionally received a femoral CVC in the inguinal region. This insertion site is considered a high risk for infection because of its location in the inguinal region and associated difficulties with maintaining the dressing integrity. An alternative location was selected for the insertion of a femoral vein central venous catheter in the midthigh to reduce the risk of infection.

Rare complication of subclavian vein catheterization in an infant

The authors observed a rare case of complication of catheterization of the subclavian vein in an infant of 1 1/2 months old with staphylococcal pleuropneumonia. After catheterization the baby developed crude blowing systolic murmur in the heart. Forty-one hours after catheterization the baby died with signs of acute cardia insufficiency. The autopsy revealed that the catheter had entered the cavity of the right ventricle where it bent arch-like and its end went into the right atrium. The catheter was a kind of spreader causing insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.