哈萨克族大学生自我接纳、社交焦虑与自尊三者间的相关性

目的:了解哈萨克族大学生社交焦虑、自我接纳与自尊间的关系,为哈萨克族大学生心理健康干预、身心健康发展提供支持。方法:在新疆4所高校随机抽取1006名哈萨克族大学生采用自我接纳问卷、自尊量表和社交回避与苦恼量表进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果:哈萨克族大学男生的自我接纳和自尊得分高于女生,并且存在统计学差异(t=3.569,4.267;P0.01)。社交苦恼、社交回避和社交焦虑总分男生均低于女生,并且也存在统计学差异(t=-2.162,-2.258,-2.417;P0.01)。城市哈萨克族大学生自尊得分低于农村学生,社交回避和社交焦虑总分农村学生高于城市学生得分,并且均存在统计学差异(t=-8.49,-2.58;P0.05)。年级方面除了自尊不同年级学生得分存在统计学差异外(t=10.99,P0.01),其他方面得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。哈萨克族大学生自我接纳与自尊存在正相关关系(r=0.593,P0.01);社交苦恼和社交焦虑总分与社交回避呈现正相关关系(r=0.692,0.918;P0.01)。回归方程显示,自尊在自我接纳与社交焦虑总分及各维度间存在中介作用。结论:哈萨克族大学生社交焦虑、自我接纳、自尊间存在密切联系,并且自尊在社交焦虑和自我接纳之间起到中介作用。     

社会支持在情侣依恋与生活满意度关系中的中介作用

目的:考察香港大学生情侣依恋和生活满意度的关系,及社会支持对情侣依恋与生活满意度的中介效应。方法:采用方便取样,选取香港某大学生153名。用亲密关系经历量表、生活满意度量表(SWLS)和社会支持量表(SSQ)测查。结果:女生SSQ得分高于男生,而亲密关系经历量表的依恋回避维度得分低于男生。依恋回避、依恋焦虑得分均与SSQ、SWLS得分呈负相关(r=-0.69,-0.22,-0.24,-0.29;P<0.05),SSQ得分与SWLS得分呈正相关(r=0.28;P<0.05)。社会支持对情侣依恋和生活满意度有部分中介效应(△R2=0.15,P<0.01)。结论:大学生的情侣依恋与其生活满意度直接相关,并通过所获得的社会支持间接与生活满意度相关。     

大学生依恋现状及其与归因方式、应对方式

目的研究大学生依恋总体状态,进一步探索依恋与归因方式、应对方式的关系。方法采用亲密关系经历量表、简易应对方式问卷和归因方式问卷对271名大学生进行调查分析。结果①大学生依恋类型由多到少依次为恐惧型、冷淡型、专注型、安全型;②专业和年级不影响大学生依恋;女生依恋回避得分显著高于男生(t=-2.43,P0.05),男生依恋焦虑得分显著高于女生(t=2.39,P0.05);无恋爱经历的大学生依恋回避得分显著高于有恋爱经历的大学生(t=-4.75,P0.001);③回归分析表明,依恋和归因方式对应对方式有一定的预测作用。结论大学生依恋总体质量不高,依恋、归因方式、应对方式之间存在密切关系。     

大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑、自尊的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法:采用身体监视量表、外表焦虑量表和自尊量表对广西壮族自治区5所高校随机抽取的400名大学本科生(男生148人、女生252人)进行调查研究。结果:大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.28,P0.01)、与自尊呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.01),大学生自尊与外表焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01);自我客体化可正向预测外表焦虑(β=0.28,P0.001),自我客体化可负向预测自尊(β=-0.13,P0.01);自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中的中介效应大小为0.043(P0.05),中介效应的95%置信区间为[0.006,0.092],中介效应占总效应的15.36%。结论:大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中起部分中介作用。     

大学生的嫉妒体验及与依恋的关系

目的:探讨大学生的嫉妒体验与依恋的关系。方法:在四川某省属高校选取大学生428名(男生225名,女生203名,年龄17~23岁),采用Bringle自陈嫉妒量表(BSJS,包括爱情嫉妒和社会嫉妒2个维度)、关系问卷(RQ)、亲密关系经历问卷(ECR,包含依恋焦虑与依恋回避2个维度)分别测量嫉妒体验、依恋类型(安全型、恐惧型、专注型、回避型)和依恋风格。结果:大学生BSJS得分为(2.8±0.6),女生高于男生(P0.001),大二学生高于其他年级学生(P0.01)。回归分析显示,性别、依恋回避、依恋焦虑对爱情嫉妒有预测作用(β=-0.24、-0.19、0.32,均P0.01),年级、性别、专业、依恋焦虑对社会嫉妒有预测作用(β=0.24、-0.17、0.19、0.20,均P0.05)。结论:嫉妒在大学生中常见,嫉妒与依恋密切相关,爱情嫉妒和社会嫉妒可能是不同类型的嫉妒。     

青少年依恋、完美主义和心理健康的关系

目的:了解青少年依恋、完美主义和心理健康之间的关系.方法:采用亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版、大学生一般完美主义量表和自测健康评定量表(SRHMS)测量186名青少年.结果:在乎缺点与依恋焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.211,P<0.01),与依恋回避呈显著正相关(r=0.205,P<0.01),与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.485,P<0.001);心理健康与依恋焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.225,P<0.01),与依恋回避呈显著负相关(r=-0.213,P<0.01);不同依恋类型个体在在乎缺点(F=4.521,P=0.004)和心理健康(F=3.009,P=0.032)方面存在显著差异;在控制在乎缺点这一变量后,依恋焦虑、依恋回避与心理健康的相关不显著.结论:在乎缺点在依恋和心理健康关系之间关系中发挥着完全中介作用.     

中学生依恋、自我分化与攻击性行为的关系

目的:探讨中学生父母同伴依恋、自我分化与攻击性行为的关系。方法:选取314名中学生,采用父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA-R)测量父子依恋、母子依恋和同伴依恋,自我分化量表(DSI-R)测量自我分化,攻击性问卷(AQ)测量攻击性行为。结果:IPPA-R的各因子得分与DSI-R得分均呈正相关(r=0.19～0.23,均P0.01);IPPA-R的母子依恋、同伴依恋得分与AQ得分均呈负相关(r=-0.31、-0.19;均P0.01);DSI-R得分与AQ得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001);DSI-R的4个因子得分对AQ得分均有负向预测作用(β=-0.36～-0.12,均P0.05);自我分化在母子依恋与攻击性行为间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应比例为29.3%,在同伴依恋与攻击性行为间起完全中介作用。结论:中学生的自我分化水平可预测其攻击性行为;自我分化可能是母子依恋、同伴依恋影响其攻击性行为的中介变量。     

大学生人际问题与依恋风格及状态焦虑和自尊的关系

目的:探讨大学生人际问题与依恋风格的关系，以及状态焦虑和自尊在两者关系间的作用。方法:选取大学生484人(男198人，女286人),采用人际问题量表简短版(IIP-32)、亲密关系经历量表(ECR)、状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)的状态焦虑分量表、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)分别测量人际问题、依恋回避/依恋焦虑风格、状态焦虑、自尊水平。结果:女生的IIP-32竞争及SES得分均高于男生，而IIP-32不自信、依恋焦虑得分均低于男生(均P<0.05)。依恋回避、依恋焦虑得分均与IIP-32总分正向关联(β=0.22、0.12);状态焦虑在依恋回避与人际问题的关系中起部分中介作用(β=0.23、0.09);自尊在依恋回避和状态焦虑的关系中起调节作用(β=-0.09)。结论:大学生的人际问题与依恋风格相关，而状态焦虑在两者的关系间起中介作用，自尊能调节依恋回避与状态焦虑的关系。     

大学生成人依恋与人际交往效能感的关系

目的:探讨大学生的成人依恋与人际交往效能感的关系。方法:采用亲密关系经历量表(ECR)和人际交往效能感量表对280名大学生进行测试。结果:1大学生依恋类型分布不均衡,其中比例最高的是恐惧型(44.6%),其次是冷漠型(26.1%),安全型(15%)和专注型(14.3%)比例较低;2城镇学生的依恋回避分数显著低于农村学生(t=-2.304,P0.05),独生子女的依恋回避分数显著低于非独生子女(t=-3.492,P0.01);城镇学生的人际交往效能感显著高于农村学生(t=2.408,P0.05),独生子女的人际交往效能感显著高于非独生子女(t=2.393,P0.01);3依恋回避与亲合效能、自我印象效能、利他效能、沟通效能、自我价值感、情绪控制效能负相关(r=-0.251,-0.326,-0.160,-0.381,-0.229,-0.214;P0.01),依恋焦虑与自我印象效能、自我价值感效能和情绪控制效能负相关(r=-0.279,-0.249,-0.347,P0.01),与亲合效能、利他效能和沟通效能不相关(r=-0.103,-0.076,-0.078;P0.05);4不同依恋类型的大学生人际交往效能感存在显著差异(F=15.431,P0.01),其中安全型高于恐惧型、专注型和冷漠型,冷漠型高于恐惧型(P0.01);5依恋焦虑和依恋回避能够预测人际交往效能感(R2=0.221,P0.001)。结论:成人依恋影响大学生的人际交往效能感。     

情绪管理在大学生亲子依恋和交往焦虑间的中介作用

目的探讨情绪管理在大学生亲子依恋和交往焦虑间的中介作用。方法对唐山某高校347例在校大学生采用问卷调查方式,通过亲子依恋量表、交往焦虑量表和情绪管理量表的得分来评定依恋程度、焦虑程度和情绪管理。结果通过大学生交往焦虑单因素分析,在不同专业和性别的大学生交往焦虑方面得分差异无统计学意义,师生关系和同学关系较好的大学生交往焦虑得分小于关系一般者和较差者(F=3.673,3.984;P0.05);大学生在父母总依恋、母依恋和父依恋与交往焦虑均为负相关(r=-0.181,-0.148,-0.165;P0.05);交往焦虑总分与情绪管理为负相关(P0.05);父母总依恋、母依恋和父依恋与情绪管理为正相关(r=0.373,0.397,0.358;P0.05);情绪管理在亲子依恋对交往焦虑中起到中介效应。结论情绪管理在亲子依恋对交往焦虑中起到中介效应,显著减少大学生社会交往焦虑的水平。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.