牛血清白蛋白阳离子微球的制备及体外评价

目的 制备牛血清白蛋白(BSA)口服阳离子微球,考察天然阳离子物质壳聚糖(CHS)的加入对蛋白微球的粒径、电动电势、包封率、载药量及体外释放情况的影响。方法 以乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)和壳聚糖(CHS)为载体材料,采用W/O/W复乳-溶剂挥发法制备牛血清白蛋白乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物-壳聚糖(PLGA/CHS)阳离子微球。通过正交设计优化制备工艺,确定最佳处方。建立准确而简便的蛋白含量测定方法,并对微球进行体外评价。结果 最佳处方为：BSA浓度为150 g·L^-1、PLGA浓度为8%、外水相体积为80 mL、壳聚糖浓度为0.2%。制得的微球形态圆整,平均粒径为(6.9±5.5)μm,为表面荷正电的阳离子微球[ζ电势=(10.0±0.6)mV],包封率为(75.4±4.6)%,载药量为(9.3±0.2)%。体外释放结果表明,在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中,壳聚糖的加入均能减少突释,延缓药物的释放。结论 与PLGA微球相比,制得的PLGA/CHS阳离子微球表面带正电,具有较高的包封率和载药量,可以延缓药物释放,同时减少突释现象。     

多层海藻酸-壳聚糖聚电解质膜微球的制备与体外释放特性研究

目的：制备牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖微球（BSA-ACM）,牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球（BSA-ACAM）,牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球（BSA-ACACAM）。方法：以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖溶液为囊材,对BSA进行反复包裹,采用乳化-交联法制备BSA-ACM、BSA-ACAM、BSA-ACACAM;采用扫描电镜测定微球粒径,Micro-BCA试剂盒测定载药量,考察包封率和24h体外释药特性,并进行Higuchi方程拟合。结果：BSA-ACM、BSA-ACAM、BSA-ACACAM微球球形圆整,分散性好,平均粒径分别为（3.79±1.33）、（3.52±0.96）、（3.07±1.17）μm;载药量分别为（17.97±1.33）%、（16.95±0.46）%、（16.47±1.49）%;包封率分别为（65.78±4.98）%、（63.99±4.83）%、（55.00±1.50）%。微球体外释放速率与聚电解质膜包裹层数呈负相关,均符合Higuchi方程（r分别为0.9787、0.9869、0.9808）,24h内累积释放量分别为32.15%、25.59%、16.72%,无明显突释现象。结论：多层海藻酸-壳聚糖聚电解质膜微球能减少药物的突释,具有良好的缓释效果。     

牛血清白蛋白阳离子微球的制备及体外评价

目的制备牛血清白蛋白（BSA）口服阳离子微球,考察天然阳离子物质壳聚糖（CHS）的加入对蛋白微球的粒径、电动电势、包封率、载药量及体外释放情况的影响。方法以乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）和壳聚糖（CHS）为载体材料,采用W／O／W复乳-溶剂挥发法制备牛血清白蛋白乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物-壳聚糖（PLGA／CHS）阳离子微球。通过正交设计优化制备工艺,确定最佳处方。建立准确而简便的蛋白含量测定方法,并对微球进行体外评价。结果最佳处方为：BSA浓度为150g·L^-1、PLGA浓度为8％、外水相体积为80mL、壳聚糖浓度为0．2％。制得的微球形态圆整,平均粒径为（6．9±5．5）μm,为表面荷正电的阳离子微球[ζ电势=00．0±0．6）mV],包封率为（75．4±4．6）％,载药量为（9．3±0．2）％。体外释放结果表明,在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中,壳聚糖的加入均能减少突释,延缓药物的释放。结论与PLGA微球相比,制得的PLGA／CHS阳离子微球表面带正电,具有较高的包封率和载药量,可以延缓药物释放,同时减少突释现象。     

不同PLGA型号对奥曲肽微球的包封率和体外释放行为的影响

考察了不同型号聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)作为水溶性药物奥曲肽微球载体对载药量、包封率和体外释放行为的影响.结果表明,PLGA中丙交酯含量降低,载药量和包封率降低,而突释量增大.PLGA型号相同时,黏度较大的PLGA微球载药量和包封率较高,突释量较小.采用PLGA与聚乳酸(PLA)混合材料制备的微球比单用PLGA材料微球的突释量小、载药量和包封率高、缓释效果好.     

包埋PLGA微球壳聚糖支架的构建及其对蛋白释放的调节

目的制备能缓慢释放蛋白类药物的细胞生长支架。方法采用冷冻干燥制备壳聚糖支架，测定支架的孔隙率和吸水率。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药物，制备乳酸-羟乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)微球，并包埋于壳聚糖支架中，用扫描电镜观察微球和支架的形态，考察药物在各种支架上的体外释放。结果壳聚糖支架为多孔结构，当预冻温度为-70 ℃时，支架的孔隙率和吸水率分别为78.6%±1.5%和85.1%±6.2%。PLGA微球能够较均匀地覆在壳聚糖支架上。单用壳聚糖支架，BSA在24 h累积释放达90%以上，制成PLGA微球后，再包埋于壳聚糖支架中，则药物释放明显缓慢，168 h的累积释放量为33.5%。通过改变壳聚糖的用量和PLGA材料的型号，可以调控药物在复合支架上的释放。结论包埋PLGA微球的壳聚糖支架有望用于组织工程的支架材料和生长因子的缓慢释放。     

高分子材料对卡铂-乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物微球体外性质的影响

目的:制备卡铂-乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA)微球,比较不同PLGA所得微球的体外释药特点。方法:采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备卡铂-PLGA微球,显微镜下测定微球的粒径和粒径分布。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定微球含药量,计算包封率,考察微球体外释药行为。结果:PLGA来源和规格不同,对微球的形态、粒径、载药量和包封率没有明显影响,所得微球球形较好,平均粒径为38-54μm,含药量为6．4-7．2μg·mg-1,包封率16．3％-22．7％。药物体外释放行为随PLGA不同而有很大差异,PLGA 50／50微球突释快,突释率高。PLGA(50／50,η=0．18)和PLGA(50／50,η=0．53)的微球2 h药物突释率分别为55．06％和83．10％;PLGA(75／25,η=0．19)和PLGA(75／25,η=0.30)的微球12 h药物突释率分别为38．43％和44．04％。缓慢释放期PLGA(50／50,η=0．53)微球释药符合零级释放模型,其他3种材料的微球符合Higuchi释放方程,PLGA (50／50,η=0．18)和PLGA(75／25,η=0．19)微球体外较好地控制药物释放,缓释期药物释放速度常数分别为1．18和2.40 h-1/2。结论:PLGA来源和组成不同,制备的微球体外释药行为差异较大。PLGA(75／25,η=0．19)微球体外较好地控制卡铂的释放。     

奥沙普秦壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球的制备

目的：目的：选择奥沙普秦作为模型药制备壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球。方法：采用滴制法制备奥沙普秦壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球，通过正交试验设计优化了处方和工艺，考察其理化特征及体外释药行为。结果：优化处方制得的微球包封率及载药量分别为98．36％和16．26％，平均粒径为（346．6±164．1）μm；1h药物释放达到36％，随后药物的释药行为是一个缓释过程。结论：制得了载药量较大，包封率较高的奥沙普秦壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微球。     

阿奇霉素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠肠溶微球的制备和评价

目的:制备阿奇霉素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠肠溶微球,并评价各因素对微球性质的影响.方法:以壳聚糖-海藻酸钠为基质材料,采用复凝聚法制备阿奇霉素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠肠溶微球.通过单因素考察研究对粒径、收率和包封率影响较大的因素,以包封率和释放度为指标进行正交设计优化最佳处方.结果:海藻酸钠浓度为3％、氯化钙浓度为2.5％、壳聚糖浓度为0.25％和投药量为20％为最佳处方.该处方制得的微球形态圆整,粒径分布合理,包封率和收率均较高.体外溶出试验表明,该条件制得的微球在酸中的释放量小于10％,可减少阿奇霉素的胃肠道不良反应;在pH6.8的缓冲液中快速释放,能迅速达到最小抑菌浓度(MIC).结论:阿奇霉素壳聚糖-海藻酸钠肠溶微球能有效避免药物在酸性环境中释放.     

微球的制备和表征

目的制备葡激酶突变体(K35R，DGR)的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球，使其在包封和释放过程中都能保持活性。方法使用复乳溶剂挥发法制备DGR的PLGA微球，研究了搅拌速度、PLGA浓度、内水相和外水相中的添加剂对蛋白包封率以及微球性质的影响，并进行了DGR微球的体外和体内释放试验。结果2%聚乙烯醇可以有效抑制超声乳化时DGR在水/二氯甲烷界面上的变性，将DGR的活性回收率从16%提高到几乎100%。在外水相中加入NaCl可以显著提高蛋白包封率，同时对微球的粒径分布和表面形态也产生了重要影响。DGR微球的体外释放呈现两个时相，15 d释放大约DGR总活性的50%。DGR微球在体内持续释放5 d。结论制备的PLGA微球，DGR包封率高，稳定性较好，是DGR的良好载药系统。     

PLGA微球的制备及其用于脉冲给药的初步研究

目的：制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球,并考察其用于脉冲式释药系统的可行性。方法：以牛血清白蛋白（BSA）为模型药物,用S/O/W（Solid-in-oil-in-water）法和S/O/O（Solid-in-oil-in-oil）法制备PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球,比较2种方法制备的微球的表面形态、包封率及载药量等,并考察2种微球的体外释放行为。结果：S/O/W法和S/O/O法制备的微球均圆整、无粘连、形态良好,但S/O/W法制备的微球表面较为平整,而S/O/O法表面均匀分布有较大的凹陷。S/O/W法制备的PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球包封率分别为（60.15±5.95）%、（49.50±3.69）%,载药量分别为（2.56±0.25）%、（2.10±0.16）%,10h内药物释放均为10%左右,而后随着聚合物的降解药物的释放量突然增加;S/O/O法所制微球包封率分别为（84.36±1.11）%、（77.94±1.42）%,载药量分别为（3.58±0.05）%、（3.31±0.06）%,24h内药物释放均可达50%左右,而后呈现较为平稳的释放行为。S/O/O法制备的微球包封率及载药量均较S/O/W法高;S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球药物释放呈现一定的脉冲行为,其中PLGA（75：25）微球体外释放行为受微球粒径的影响较大。结论：S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球具有一定的脉冲式释药效果,微球的粒径最好控制在120μm以下。     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using an o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15,000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50 microm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15,000, 20,000 and 30,000 were 62.75%, 27.52% and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30,000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15,000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increased in the oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in the aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30 degrees C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using an o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15?000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50?µm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15?000, 20?000 and 30?000 were 62.75%, 27.52% and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30?000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15?000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increased in the oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in the aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30°C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

Preparation,characterization and in vitro release study of BSA-loaded double-walled glucose-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres

The aim of this study was to prepare a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded double-walled microspheres using a fast degrading glucose core, hydroxyl-terminated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (Glu-PLGA) and a moderate-degrading carboxyl-terminated PLGA polymers to reduce the initial burst release and to eliminate the lag phase from the release profile of PLGA microspheres. The double-walled microspheres were prepared using a modified water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water (w/o/o/w) method and single-polymer microspheres were prepared using a conventional water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, thermal properties, in vitro drug release and structural integrity of BSA were evaluated in this study. Double-walled microspheres prepared with Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers with a mass ratio of 1:1 were non-porous, smooth-surfaced, and spherical in shape. A significant reduction of initial burst release was achieved for the double-walled microspheres compared to single-polymer microspheres. In addition, microspheres prepared using Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers in a mass ratio of 1:1 exhibited continuous BSA release after the small initial burst without any lag phase. It can be concluded that the double-walled microspheres made of Glu-PLGA and PLGA polymers in a mass ratio of 1:1 can be a potential delivery system for pharmaceutical proteins.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15 000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50 microm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15 000, 20 000 and 30 000 were 62.75, 27.52 and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30 000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15 000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increase in oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30 degrees C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

In vitro performance of carbamazepine loaded to various molecular weights of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)

The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the in vitro characteristics of carbamazepine-loaded microspheres. A solvent evaporation method was used to incorporate carbamazepine (CBZ) into poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with different molecular weights. The optimum conditions for CBZ-PLGA microspheres preparation were considered and the in vitro release of CBZ of PLGA microspheres were followed up to 24 hr in USP dissolution medium. The effect of using different ratios of PLGA microspheres, prepared with different molecular weights, for optimizing CBZ release also was investigated. CBZ encapsulation efficiency was 68 to 82% for all prepared formulations. Thermograms of CBZ-PLGA microspheres suggest that CBZ was totally entrapped with the PLGA polymer. The presence of Pluronic F-68 has improved the encapsulation of CBZ, resulted in better and smoother microspheres surfaces and enhanced its release pattern. CBZ release profiles were biphasic patterns; after an initial burst, a constant CBZ release rate was observed up to 24 hr. The release from these PLGA-based spherical matrices was consistent with the diffusion mechanism. CBZ dissolution T(50%) was significantly affected (> 3-fold) by increasing the lactide percent from 33.3 to 66.6% from different microspheres mixtures. The present study provides evidence that the encapsulation of CBZ to PLGA microspheres, either as a single polymer or mixture of two, was a successful attempt to control the release of CBZ.     

Release optimization of epidermal growth factor from PLGA microparticles

Abstract

The objective of this study was to prepare poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based microparticles as potential carriers for recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). In order to optimize characteristic parameters of protein-loaded microspheres, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the model protein. To reduce burst release as a common problem of microspheres, a proper alteration in the particle composition was used, such as addition of poly vinyl alcohol and changes in initial drug loading. The effects of these parameters on particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release kinetics of BSA in PLGA microspheres were investigated using a Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The biological activity of the released rhEGF was assessed using human skin fibroblasts cell proliferation assay. The prepared rhEGF-loaded microspheres had an average size of 6.44?±?2.45?µm, encapsulation efficiency of 97.04?±?1.13%, burst release of 13.06?±?1.35% and cumulative release of 22.56?±?2.41%. The proliferation of human skin fibroblast cells cultivated with rhEGF releasate of microspheres was similar to that of pure rhEGF, indicating the biological activity of released protein confirming the stability of rhEGF during microsphere preparation. These results are in agreement with the purpose of our study to prepare rhEGF-entrapped PLGA microparticles with optimized characteristics.     

龟板水提物缓释微球的制备及其特性

目的：制备高包封率的龟板水提物缓释微球。方法：分别采用海藻酸钙凝胶珠、海藻酸钙-壳聚糖微胶囊和海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微胶囊体系制备龟板水提物缓释微球,并考察其外观形态、包封率和体外释药等特性。结果：制得的龟板-海藻酸钙凝胶珠、龟板-海藻酸钙—壳聚糖微球和龟板-海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球外观圆整,表面光滑,且粒径均匀;包封率分别是46．7％、49．9％和82．3％;海藻酸钙凝胶珠有明显的突释现象,海藻酸钠—壳聚糖微球的突释现象和缓释效果有所改善,而海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球无突释现象,其缓释可达14小时以上。结论：龟板-海藻酸钙-羧甲基纤维素钠微球包封率高,同时具有优良的缓释性能。     

Effect of osmotic pressure in the solvent extraction phase on BSA release profile from PLGA microspheres

This study investigated the influence of osmotic pressure in the organic solvent extraction phase on release profile of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. BSA-loaded PLGA microspheres with a target load of 10% were prepared by a double emulsion phase separation method. All the microsphere batches were fabricated in the same conditions except that in the organic solvent (CH2Cl2) evaporation step. Different concentrations of NaCl (0, 1.8, and 3.6%) or sucrose (20%) were used to generate a range of osmotic pressures in the extraction aqueous phase. These microspheres were characterized for incorporation efficiency, surface and internal morphology, particle size, protein stability, and in vitro release. The microspheres were spherical with particle size ranging from 16.8 to 27.8 microns. Higher osmotic pressure resulted in a denser internal structure although similar nonporous surface morphology was observed with all batches. No significant difference in encapsulation efficiency existed from batch to batch (87-94%). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyamide gel electrophoresis showed that BSA integrity was well retained. The release profile of the batch prepared with only water as the continuous (solvent extraction) phase exhibited a 79% burst release in the first 24 hr followed by a plateau and then a little release after 21 days. In the presence of NaCl or sucrose, the burst effect significantly decreased with increase in osmotic pressure in the extraction aqueous phase, which was then followed by sustained release for 35 days. A mass balance was made when the release terminated. Therefore, in the organic solvent extraction and evaporation step, increasing the osmotic pressure in the aqueous phase both reduced the burst release from the microspheres and improved the subsequent sustained release profile.