剖宫产与新生儿高胆红素血症病例对照研究

目的探讨剖宫产分娩与新生儿高胆红素血症（简称，高胆）的关系。方法对我院2003年1月至2004年12月期间在产科出生的新生儿进行病例对照研究，通过监测经皮胆红素、血清胆红素，比较剖宫产与非剖宫产娩出新生儿发生高胆的情况。结果多因素分析结果显示影响新生儿高胆红素血症的因素包括：剖宫产、母乳缺乏、生后头3天体重下降明显、高龄初产、胎龄、宫内窘迫等，剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为36．9％，非剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为21．8％，两者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。剖宫产组中母亲有妊高征者新生儿高胆发生率略高于母亲无妊高征者，两者间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；两组患儿合并窒息、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、吸入综合征、感染等疾病对高胆的影响差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产可能是引起新生儿高胆的原因之一。     

新生儿高胆红素血症中胱抑素C的变化及临床意义

目的 了解胱抑素C(CysC)在新生儿高胆红素血症中的变化.方法 104例高胆红素血症新生儿为高胆组,根据其血总胆红素水平分为轻、中、重3组,各28、58、18例;同时选择40例非高胆红素血症新生儿为非高胆组.测定血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)和CysC,并比较高胆组与非高胆组,以及轻、中、重高胆组新生儿之间的差异;分析各指标与血总胆红素的相关性.结果 高胆组和非高胆组新生儿的BUN、Cr均在正常范围,差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05);高胆组新生儿的CysC高于非高胆组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);轻、中、重度高胆组新生儿的CysC逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义(F ＝ 5.39,P ＜ 0.05).新生儿的血总胆红素水平与CysC水平呈直线正相关(r ＝ 0.3,P ＜ 0.05).结论 高胆红素血症时,新生儿的CysC增高并随着血总胆红素水平升高而加剧,可能成为判断高胆红素血症时早期肾功能损害的敏感生物学指标.     

脐血胆红素浓度测定对早期预测新生儿高胆血症的研究

目的　 早期预测新生儿高胆血症的发生。 方法 　测定 10 0例足月新生儿脐血胆红素浓度 ,同时用经皮胆红素测定仪 (TCBM )动态观察胆红素变化。 结果 　高胆组脐血胆红素浓度显著高于非高胆组 (P <0 0 0 1) ,脐血≥ 40 μmol/L ,黄疸发生率 61 5 %。 2 4hTCB读数≥ 16,高胆血症发生率为 72 2 % ,当脐血胆红素浓度≥ 40 μmol/L ,其特异性及阳性预测值提高到 90 %以上。 结论 　脐血胆红素浓度测定对早期预测新生儿高胆血症提供了可靠依据。     

尿系列酶测定对高胆红素血症新生儿肾小管功能的评价

目的 探讨尿系列酶的改变作为评价高胆红素血症(高胆)新生儿肾小管功能的指标。方法 检测38例高胆新生儿尿系列酶(NAG、GAL、GGT、ALP、LDH)活性与50例正常对照;其中32例不同程度高胆患儿进行治疗前后尿系列酶对照分析。结果 高胆新生儿尿酶NAG、GAL、ALP、LDH活性与对照组比较明显增高,出现显著性差异(P<0.01);三组不同程度高胆新生儿NAG、ALP、LDH活性比较均出现统计学差异(P<0.01),治疗后轻、中度黄疸ANG、ALP、LDH活性与治疗前比较明显减低,出现显著性差异(P均<0.05),重度黄疸NAC、ALP、LDH与治疗前比较无明显差异,P>0.05;血清总胆红素水平与NAG、ALP、LDH呈正相关关系。结论 尿系列酶改变可以反映高胆新生儿时肾小管功能不同程度的受损;轻、中度高胆新生儿肾小管功能受损是可逆的,重度肾损害恢复慢。     

新生儿高胆红素血症对肾功能的影响及血β_2微球蛋白测定的临床意义

目的 了解新生儿高胆红素血症对肾功能的影响以及测定血β2微球蛋白的临床意义.方法 对79例高胆红素血症和43例非高胆红素血症的新生儿进行血尿素氮、肌酐和β2微球蛋白测定.结果 高胆组和非高胆组新生儿血尿素氮、肌酐值均在正常范围,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);高胆组血β2微球蛋白浓度(4.06±0.73)mg/L高于非高胆组(2.01±0.76)mg/L,差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.001);中度高胆组(4.52±0.35)mg/L和轻度高胆组(3.35±0.41)mg/L 比较差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.001).重度高胆组(4.75±0.30)mg/L和中度高胆组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血胆红素水平与血β2微球蛋白浓度经线形相关分析呈高度直线正相关(r=0.86,P<0.001).结论 新生儿高胆红素血症时β2微球蛋白明显增高,存在肾小球滤过率的下降,并随着血胆红素浓度的增加而加剧,血尿素氮、肌酐不能反映此种变化;对新生儿高胆红素血症应予以积极干预并避免使用肾毒性药物,以免加重肾脏损害.     

早产儿的围产因素及防治对策探讨

目的：研究早产的围产因素及寻求相应的预防措施。方法：将我院近5年出生的新生儿2 567例,分为早产儿、足月儿两组,对照分析孕母年龄、胎膜早破、多胎妊娠、前置胎盘、妊高征、胎盘早剥、产前检查等围产因素,同时分析早产儿的并发症。结果：早产儿发生率为6.62%,早产儿组与足月儿组对比,除母亲孕龄差异无显著性外,胎膜早破、多胎妊娠、前置胎盘、妊高征、胎盘早剥,产前检查等因素差异均有显著性(P<0.01 或 0.05)。早产儿的并发症主要是新生儿肺炎、硬肿症、高胆红素血症和颅内出血。胎龄越小,体重越低,死亡率越高。结论：减少早产是降低围产儿死亡的关键,减少早产的发生应加强围产期保健,定期产前检查,对产前并发症采取各种防治措施,提高早产儿的成活率。     

孕妇产前IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价与新生儿高胆红素血症发生率关系探讨

目的 探讨O型血孕妇产前IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价与A(B)型血新生儿高胆红素血症发生率的关系.方法 对夫妻ABO血型不合的O型血孕妇测定IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价,对A(B)型血新生儿脐血做血清学检查,按孕妇妊娠的次数及检验结果 分组调查其高胆红素血症发生率和发病时间.结果 (1) 第一胎与第二胎以上妊娠的孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价无显著差别,脐血检验结果 差异无显著性,新生儿高胆红素血症发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05).(2) 孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价依次增高,新生儿抗体释放试验阳性率、游离抗体阳性率、高胆红素血症发生率差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01).(3) 孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价≤1∶64、抗体释放试验阳性的新生儿高胆红素血症发生率显著高于对照组的新生儿(P<0.01).(4) 孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价依次增高,新生儿在出生3d内高胆红素血症发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论 妊娠次数与孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价及新生儿高胆红素血症发生率无显著关系;孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价≥1∶32时,新生儿发生高胆红素血症的危险增加;随着孕妇IgG抗-A(B)抗原效价增高,新生儿高胆红素血症发生的概率增大,但对新生儿发病时间无显著影响.     

高胆红素血症新生儿血清NSE的变化及意义

目的探讨高胆红素血症新生儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)的变化、两者的相关性及其临床意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法检测42例高胆红素血症新生儿和29例正常新生儿血清中NSE浓度,同步测定血清总胆红素(TSB)、白蛋白含量,计算胆红素-白蛋白比值(B/A),并行新生儿NBNA评分。高胆组按TSB≥342μmol/L和171～342μmol/L分为实验组a和实验组b,对照组TSB<85.5μmol/L,结果两实验组血清NSE浓度均较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),两实验组间NSE浓度差异无显著性(P>0.05)。两实验组NBNA评分值均明显低于对照组(P<0.01),两实验组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。血清NSE浓度与NBNA评分均呈显著性负相关(P<0.01)。结论血清NSE测定比TSB、B/A值能更早期预测新生儿胆红素脑损伤患病风险。     

尿系列酶测定对高胆红素血症新生儿肾小管功能的评价

目的探讨尿系列酶的改变作为评价高胆红素血症(高胆)新生儿肾小管功能的指标.方法检测38例高胆新生儿尿系列酶(NAG、GAL、GGT、ALP、LDH)活性与50例正常对照;其中32例不同程度高胆患儿进行治疗前后尿系列酶对照分析.结果高胆新生儿尿酶NAG、GAL、ALP、LDH活性与对照组比较明显增高,出现显著性差异(P＜0.01);三组不同程度高胆新生儿NAG、ALP、LDH活性比较均出现统计学差异(P＜0.01),治疗后轻、中度黄疸ANG、ALP、LDH活性与治疗前比较明显减低,出现显著性差异(P均＜0.05),重度黄疸NAG、ALP、LDH与治疗前比较无明显差异,P＞0.05;血清总胆红素水平与NAG、ALP、LDH呈正相关关系.结论尿系列酶改变可以反映高胆新生儿时肾小管功能不同程度的受损;轻、中度高胆新生儿肾小管功能受损是可逆的,重度肾损害恢复慢.     

新生儿高胆红素血症患儿脑干听觉诱发电位及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶变化及临床意义

目的通过对新生儿高胆红素血症患儿脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)检测,评估高胆红素血症对新生儿听神经损伤。方法 56例血清胆红素大于 220．5μmol／L的新生儿为高胆红素血症组(简称高胆组),血清胆红素小于220．5μmol／L的49例足月儿为对照组,分别进行BAEP、NSE检测。结果高胆组新生儿BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波绝对潜伏期(PL)、峰间潜伏期(IPL)均明显延长,与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0．01);高胆组新生儿NSE明显高于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0．01);NSE水平与BAEP的Ⅴ波反应阈值呈正相关(r=0．65,P<0．01)。结论高胆红素血症可导致新生儿听神经损伤;BAEP和NSE对其神经损伤有较高的敏感性,可作为监测指标。     

Perinatal morbidity and mortality in cesarean section

The study purpose was to assess the incidence and indications of cesarean section; the effect of anesthesia, maternal and fetal factors on the morbidity and mortality of newborn infants; and to compare the morbidity and mortality patterns of infants delivered by cesarean section with that of infants delivered by the normal vaginal route. The morbidity and mortality pattern of 200 consecutive normally delivered infants were compared with that of 265 infants delivered by cesarean section. The incidence of morbidity in emergency cesarean section, planned section and normal vaginal delivery was 54.6%, 20.4%, and 12%, respectively. Higher incidence in emergency section was primarily because of asphyxia, intracranial stress, dysmaturity, transient tachypnea, prematurity and infection. Mortality was 7.5% in emergency section, 2.2% in planned section and 4% in normal delivery. Most of the stillbirth and neonatal deaths were because of gross asphyxia, prolonged labor due to cephalopelvic disproportion and uterine dysfunction, fetal distress, and abnormal presentation. Associated factors adversely influencing the morbidity and mortality included maternal age below 20 years and above 30 years, height below 510 centimeters, grand multiparity, low socioeconomic class, poor antenatal care, fetal distress, general anesthesia, prematurity and birth weight below 2 kilograms.     

Neurological adaptation of infants delivered by emergency or elective cesarean section

The effects of intrapartal asphyxia on neonatal neurological condition have been studied in 17 full-term infants delivered by emergency cesarean section and in 30 full-term infants delivered by elective cesarean section used as controls. A neurological examination consisting of 31 items was performed on days 1, 2 and 5 after birth. A tonus score, an excitability score as well as the number of optimal responses were calculated. A follow-up examination was done at six months of age with a standardized neurological and developmental examination. The results showed that infants born after emergency cesarean section were significantly more hypotone the first two days after delivery than the infants in the elective cesarean section group. In regard to individual neurological items, significant differences were found between the emergency and elective cesarean section in reaction to sound, rooting, patellar, Moro and stepping reflexes with weaker reactions in the elective cesarean section group. Growth, psychomotor development and neurological status at six months did not differ significantly between the groups. Our findings indicate that full-term infants born after emergency cesarean section due to mild intrapartal asphyxia have a delayed neurological adaptation as expressed by poor muscular tonus during their first days of life compared with infants born after elective cesarean section.     

0~6岁儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型影响因素探讨

目的 探讨影响0~6 岁儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型的因素.方法 采集45 例健康足月儿脐动脉血及79 例健康儿童静脉血,按不同生产方式将45 例足月儿分为顺产组(n=22)和剖宫产组(n=23);按不同年龄段将健康儿童分为28 d~ 组(n=25)、1 岁~ 组(n=26)和3~6 岁组(n=28),用流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群值,分析生产方式、性别和年龄对淋巴细胞免疫分型的影响.结果 顺产和剖宫产两组新生儿在T 和Ts 细胞计数、B 细胞百分比、NK 细胞百分比和绝对计数等指标上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);各淋巴细胞免疫表型绝对计数和百分比在不同性别健康儿童之间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);除Ts 和NK 细胞计数外,其余各亚群在不同年龄组儿童之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 儿童淋巴细胞亚群的分布受年龄因素的影响较大,新生儿出生时也受生产方式的影响;在建立儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型正常参考范围时应按年龄分段.     

Influence of the mode of delivery on perinatal mortality in infants less than 32 weeks gestational age

Survival rate of 96 low-birth-weight infants less than 32 weeks post-conceptional age at birth was studied in relation with the mode of delivery. Twenty-two infants were delivered by elective cesarean section because of abnormalities during pregnancy with 3 neonatal deaths. Seventy-four infants were born after untreatable premature onset of labor with 9 intrapartum and 7 neonatal deaths. Poor prognosis was associated with gestational age (less than 29 weeks), non cephalic vaginal delivery and multiple births. In these cases, cesarean section should be discussed.     

Maternal pulse oximetry perfusion index as a predictor of early adverse respiratory neonatal outcome after elective cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests increased morbidity, in particular early neonatal respiratory complications, in newborns from elective cesarean section compared with those from vaginal delivery. No reliable maternal predictors of adverse neonatal outcome at elective cesarean section are known. Here, we prospectively tested the hypothesis that a low maternal perfusion index at the baseline phase (i.e., preanesthesia) of the elective cesarean section is a predictor of early adverse neonatal respiratory outcome. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Operating and delivery rooms of a public health hospital with a tertiary-level neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Forty-four healthy pregnant women with no known risk factors undergoing elective cesarean section at term gestation. INTERVENTIONS: Elective cesarean section was divided into nine phases. Analysis of pulse oximetry-derived signals (perfusion index, pulse rate, and oximetry) and systolic, diastolic, and differential blood pressure were recorded. Maternal arterial and venous newborn cord blood gas analyses and placental histology were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Early respiratory complications (transient tachypnea of the newborn, n = 5; respiratory distress syndrome, n = 1) were observed in 13.6% (6 of 44) of the newborns. A maternal perfusion index < or = 1.9 (lower quartile) during the preanesthesia phase of the elective cesarean section was an independent predictor of early adverse neonatal respiratory outcome (odds ratio 68.0, 95% confidence interval 6.02-767.72; p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: A decreased perfusion index value in the preanesthesia phase of elective cesarean section is a maternal predictor of increased neonatal morbidity and is significantly related to subclinical placental inflammatory disease. These observations suggest the feasibility of a noninvasive pulse oximeter prenatal screening of the high-risk fetus/newborn in elective cesarean section.     

Early hospital discharge of the healthy term neonate: the Italian perspective.

AIM: An appropriate timing of hospital discharge of the healthy, term neonate represents a balance between birth medicalization and surveillance of immediate health hazards. In the absence of European recommendations, the authors have conducted a broad national survey on the current policies of neonatal discharge. METHODS: A 13-item questionnaire was sent to 136 Italian birth centers. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean+/-range. Qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies. chi squared test was used for variables comparison. RESULTS: Mean age at discharge for a vaginally delivered neonate was 72 hours. Twelve percent of centres would not schedule a follow-up appointment. Neonates born after a cesarean section were discharged at a mean age of 97 hours. Almost all centres (95/98) would discharge an healthy infant without risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia with a total serum bilirubin (TSB) of 13 mg/dL at 72 hours but 14.7% of these centers would not recheck TSB. The same healthy neonate would be discharged at the age of 45 hours with a TSB=10 mg/dL in 67/98 centers and in 11.9% of cases would not be rechecked. CONCLUSION: Most Italian hospitals discharge healthy, term neonates born after spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) at over 72 hours of age. This policy should protect from missed diagnoses of clinical importance (e.g. hyperbilirubinemia). On the other hand, a prolonged hospitalization tends to increase maternal discomfort and medical costs. Implementing a protocol of home visits/clinic follow-up appointments after an earlier discharge may minimize health hazards and medical costs and optimizing the patient's feedback.     

剖宫产对学龄期儿童注意力影响的研究

目的:探讨不同原因剖宫产对学龄期儿童注意力的影响。方法:将308例健康学龄期儿童分为自然分娩组（n＝105）、社会因素剖宫产组（n＝101）和医学指征剖宫产组（n＝102）。采用视听整合持续操作测试（IVA-CPT）进行注意力测试。结果:①三组间综合控制、听觉反应控制、综合注意、听觉注意力、视觉注意力、听觉警醒、视觉一致性、视觉警醒、视觉注意集中等9项商数差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;②医学指征剖宫产组IVA-CPT结果明显差于自然分娩组和社会因素剖宫产组,而社会因素剖宫产组与自然分娩组差异无显著性意义。结论:剖宫产手术本身对健康学龄期儿童的注意力无明显影响,影响剖宫产儿童注意力的真正原因是导致剖宫产的医学指征。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（11）：913-916］     

影响脐血造血干细胞移植供体品质的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响脐血产品质量的供体相关因素,建立选择脐血移植供体的最优化标准。方法脐血采集自2000年6月至2006年12月在广州市妇婴医院足月分娩的产妇,分析脐血的总有核细胞数(TNC)、CD+34细胞数和总集落数(CFUs)与脐血供体相关因素(新生儿性别和体重、产妇年龄、孕周、分娩方式、胎粪污染、采集体积)的关系。结果TNC与CD+34细胞数、总集落数三者两两间均有相关性,TNC与CD3+4细胞数相关性最好。TNC与新生儿体重、采集体积、产妇年龄有相关关系;阴道分娩、孕周(40周和女性新生儿组TNC数分别高于剖宫产、36~40孕周和男性组。CD+34细胞数和总集落数与采集体积有相关关系,与新生儿体重、产妇年龄无相关关系。CD3+4细胞数受分娩方式的影响(阴道分娩高于剖宫产),不同新生儿性别及孕周间差异无统计学意义。阴道分娩和男性组总集落数分别高于剖宫产和女性组,两组孕周间总集落数差异无统计学意义。采集体积与新生儿体重有关,与产妇年龄、分娩方式、新生儿性别、孕周无关。胎粪污染时TNC较高,CD+34细胞数、总集落数均无影响。结论孕周和新生儿体重指标增加到标准化的脐血采集前供体选择标准,将有利于获得更好的脐血采集质量、提高库存脐血的有效性。     

Epidemiology of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Interview and record review data from 12,023 singleton deliveries were analyzed to determine the relationships between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (10 mg/dL or greater) and maternal characteristics. Confounding variables were controlled by multiple logistic regression analysis. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between hyperbilirubinemia and low birth weight, Oriental race, premature rupture of membranes, breast-feeding, neonatal infection, use of the "pill" at time of conception, instrumental delivery, and history of first trimester bleeding. Maternal smoking and black race were negatively related to hyperbilirubinemia and statistically significant. In this study, other previously suspected etiologic factors such as epidural anesthesia, parity, use of oxytocin in labor, and white race were not associated with hyperbilirubinemia.     

早产儿喂养不耐受的危险因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿发生喂养不耐受(FI)的危险因素.方法 对112例早产儿进行回顾性调查分析.以母体异常、羊水异常、脐带异常、胎盘异常、胎膜早破、胎龄、出生体质量、围生期感染、新生儿高胆红素血症、分娩方式等17个高危因素进行单因素分析,采用Logistic回归分析各个危险因素与早产儿发生FI的相关性.结果 112例早产儿中53例发生FI,发生率为47.32%.经单因素分析显示FI组产前因素中分娩方式、胎膜早破、羊水异常、脐带异常,出生后因素中高胆红素血症、贫血、使用肺表面活性物质与无相关因素早产儿比较均无统计学差异.多因素Logistic回归分析显示:宫内窘迫、胎盘异常和围生期感染是FI发病的危险因素;胎龄、产前使用糖皮质激素是发生FI的保护因素.结论 早产儿出生胎龄越小,发生FI的概率越高,产前使用糖皮质激素可减少FI发生,存在宫内窘迫、胎盘异常和围生期感染的早产儿易发生FI,在建立胃肠营养时要区别对待.