Theratogens screening-whole embryo cultrue

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Progress of research on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in China.

Since the birth of theworld's first test tube baby in england on July 25,1978.     

In the world of Dolly, when does a human embryo acquire respect?

For most of the 20th century, it was possible to regard fertilisation as the identifiable point when life begins, because this moment could be defined unequivocally and was thought to be the single most essential biological step in the establishment of a new human entity. Since the successful reproductive cloning of Dolly and other mammals, it is clear that any human cell has the potential to supply the full genome of an embryo, and hence a person, without going through fertilisation. At what point in time do such embryos acquire the respect accorded to human beings? The authors argue that the time of implantation is the most useful point at which the potential and the intention to create a new person are translated into reality, because from that point a new life develops. Implantation differentiates a somatic cell in culture (which is not due respect) from a human entity that has acquired its own identity and developmental potential. The authors examine the value of quickening or viability as alternative developmental stages in the process of acquiring respect for the Dolly embryo.     

Down-regulation of mitotic checkpoint in transformed human embryo lung fibroblasts induced by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguaridine

Background Mutations in mitotic checkpoint genes have been detected in several human cancers, which exhibit chromosome instability. We wanted to know whether mutation of hBubl could occur in transformed human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells induced by a chemical carcinogen. Methods HELF cells were transformed by N-methyI-N‘-nitro-N-nitrosoguaridine (MNNG), and three flasks of transformed HELF cells (named as T1, T2, and T3) were selected as amplifiers, and mutations of hBubl in these transformed cells were analyzed by PCR-SSCP and sequencing. Results It was found that any one of three transformed cell lines exhibited aneuploidy with a low mitotic checkpoint function. Subsequent PCR-SSCP and sequence analysis showed an AGT to CGTor ATT mutation at codon 80 in hBubl gene in T1 cells with a resultant change in amino acid sequence. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the mitotic checkpoint genes could be targets of MNNG.     

Involvement of Shp-2 phosphatase in IL-1α mediated mouse embryo fi-broblast MMP-1 secretion and migration

Objective: To investigate the re1αtion between Shp-2 (a cytop1αsmic tyrosine phosphotase) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in the migration of mouse embryo fibrob1αst cell. Methods: Shp-2 -/- embryo fibrob1αst was separated from Shp-2 knockout mouse on El0. 5, and Shp-2 cDNA was transfected in-to Shp-2 -/- cell. The cell migration was observed with the wound healing, the MMP-1 expression and secre-tion was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. The activation of MMP-1 in the supernatant was detected with type I col1αgenase activity assay after the stimu1αtion of IL-1α compared with El0. 5 mouse embryo fibrob1αst cell(Shp-2 / ). Results: There was obvious migration in Shp-2 / cells and Shp-2 -/-R cells, but not in Shp-2 -/- cells. The shape of Shp-2 -/- cell was epithelial-like. The expression and se-cretion was increased in Shp-2 / cells and Shp-2 -/-R cells, and it had not changed in Shp-2 -/- cell. The activation of MMP-1 was lower in Shp-2 -/- cells compared to the other cells. Conclusion: IL-1 induces the expression and secretion of MMP-1α at the physical dose, and the cell migration is involved in MMP-1 by way of Shp-2 signal transduction.     

Does catheter choice during embryo transfer alter the pregnancy rate?

Background

Although every step in the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure is important, the impact of embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy rate (PR) is significant. Of all the crucial aspects of ET the type of catheter used and the technique of transfer on the PR has drawn the maximum attention and controversy. We aimed to compare the outcome of two different ET catheters on the PR.

Method

A prospective analysis comparing the classical Frydman (Laboratoire CCD, France) and the soft Cook (Cook Medical, Indiana, USA) ET catheters was performed. Primary end-point was clinical pregnancy rate (CPR); secondary end-points were rates of difficult transfer. A total of 1,446 ETs were performed in women undergoing IVF treatment, of which 723 cycles were randomised to the Cook catheter and 723 to the Frydman catheter.

Results

It was observed that, although the Cook catheter was related to a slightly higher PR, the overall comparison failed to indicate a significant difference in CPR. It was also seen that the ease of transfer did not significantly affect the PRs.

Conclusion

Individual variables during ET may not contribute significantly to the success of an IVF programme; however, a holistic approach encompassing all the factors is quintessential to improve the PR.     

Whole rat embryo in situ hybridization:gene expression in three dimension

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Gender "tailored" conceptions: should the option of embryo gender selection be available to infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology?

The purpose of this article is to ascertain and appraise the ethical issues inherent to the utilisation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for gender selection in infertile patients anticipating undergoing a medically indicated assisted reproductive technique procedure. Performance of preimplantation genetic diagnosis per request specifically for gender selection by an infertile couple undergoing medically indicated assisted reproductive technique may not breach the principles of ethics, and is unlikely to alter the population balance of sexes.     

Editorial Board of Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA

El)11…OR】N CHIEF 认几、NG zheng一邵。(王正国)YAO I相似文献   

Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer after an in vitro fertilization cycle: Is there a difference in the ectopic pregnancy rate?

BackgroundEctopic pregnancy (EP) occurring because of an abnormal site of embryo implantation is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality if not timely diagnosed and intervened. To avert the increase in the rates of EP through in vitro fertilization cycles as compared to spontaneous conception, fertility experts have resorted to multiple measures, of which the most studied is shifting to frozen embryo transfer (ET) in place of fresh transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in the risk of ectopic implantation in women undergoing fresh versus frozen-thawed ETs.MethodsIt was a retrospective single-center cohort study wherein 802 of the 853 patients who underwent ET during the study period were analyzed. These patients were further subdivided into fresh transfer group (n = 339) and frozen transfer group (n = 443). The primary outcome measure was to study the difference in EP rates in the two groups and the secondary outcome measure was to analyze the clinico-therapeutic profile of the two subgroups of EPs.ResultsOf the 802 women who underwent ETs, 19 women had an ectopic implantation with an overall incidence of 2.3%. Among the 19 EPs, there were eight EPs (2.23%) in the fresh transfer group and 11 EPs (2.48%) in the frozen transfer group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The clinico-therapeutic profile of the patients was comparable in both the groups.ConclusionFrozen ET cycle does not mandatorily reduce the incidence of EP in spite of the maintenance of the intrauterine milieu compared to a stimulated cycle. Larger and more robust studies are needed for recommending frozen ET cycle as a preventive modality for EP.     

Editorial Board of Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA

EDYr0R IN CPll又F 研几、NG Zheng一gu。(王正国)YAO Kai一tai(姚开泰)zHoU shu一石a(周树夏)ZH-U cheng(朱诚) ASSOCIATE EDITOR】N CBIEF HuANG uang一tian(黄良田)sHEN zhi一chao(沈志超)W飞气NG zlleng一ai(王征爱)zHANG Da一chlin(张大春) C()入i爪4ITI王厄MAN BIAN xiu一wu(卞修武)JIANGJi皿城n(蒋建新)xuFu一而ng(许福明) cAI服n一中n(蔡文琴)JL气NG Yuan一厂ng(姜远英)Xu Gang(徐刚) CAO Tie一sheng(曹铁生)JINBo一quan(金伯泉)XULi一xian(徐礼鲜) cHE xiao一yan(车小燕)JU Gong(鞠躬)Xu…     

Fast estimation of Michaelis-Menten constant of arylesterase with a pair of medi-um concentrations of substrate

Objective: To investigate the reliability for fast estimation of Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) with calibra-ted specific activity at only two medium concentrations of substrate by both simulation and experimentation with aryles-terase (ArE)as model. Methods: Initial rates were simulated by randomly inserting uniform absolute error, and the experimental initial rates of ArE were determined by measuring the increaser of product absorbance. Calibrated specific activities at two substrate concentrations were obtained by regression analysis, and Km was calculated according to Michaelis-Menten equation. Results: By simulation with calibrated specific activities at two medium substrate concen-trations, Km could be calculated according to Michaelis-Menten equation with reasonable precision and accuracy. By experimentation with substrates of 2-naphthyl acetate, phenyl acetate, and p-nitrophenyl acetate, there were no differ-ences between the mean and SD of Km of ArE for either substrate by this linear kinetic method and the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Conclusion: This linear kinetic method was reliable for fast estimation of the Km of some specified enzyme on its substrate of lower solubility or lower sensitivity for quantification by common methods.     

Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA

EDITOR IN CHIEFWANG zheng一邵。(王正国)YAo Kai一tai(姚开泰)zHOU Shu一xia(周树夏)ZHU Cheng(朱诚)ASSOCIATE EDITOR IN CHIEFHUANG Liang一tian(黄良田)SHEN zhi一ehao(沈智超)WANG zheng一ai(王征爱)zHANG Da一ehun(张大春)EDITORLAL BOARDBIAN xiu一wu(卞修武)JIANG Jian一xin(蒋建新)XU Fu一ming(许福明)CAI Wen一qin(蔡文琴)JIANG Yuan一ying(姜远英)XU Gang(徐刚)CAO Tie一sheng(曹铁生)JIN Bo一quan(金伯泉)Xu Li一xian(徐礼鲜)CHE Xiao一yan(车小燕)JU Gong(鞠躬)XU Ru一x…     

Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA

EDrr0R刃N Ct]匡EFWANG Zheng一邵。(王正国)YAoKai一tai(姚开泰)zHOU Shu一xia(周树夏)zHU Cheng(朱诚)ASSOCIATE EDITOR刃N CFllEFHUANG hang一tian(黄良田)SHEN Zhi一ehao(沈志超)WANG Zheng一ai(王征爱)zHANG Da一ehun(张大春)EDTr0R][A L BOARDBIAN Xiu一wu(卞修武)JIANG Jian一石n(蒋建新)xUFu一ming(许福明)CAI Wen一qin(蔡文琴)JIANG Yuan一ying(姜远英)xu Gang(徐刚)CAO Tie一sheng(曹铁生)JIN Bo一四an(金伯泉)xUu一xian(徐礼鲜)CHE xiao一yan(车小燕)JU Gong(鞠躬)XURu一xiang(徐…     

Acupuncture Treatment of Ptosis of Eyelid

“Ptosis of the eyelid” is clinically manifested itself in half covering of the pupil by the upper eyelid and powerless eye muscle unable to raise the eyelid. Ptosis of both eyelids affects looking upward. In serious condition, the patient can not move t…