紫外线致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用研究

目的观察紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用。方法辐照致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴,经腹部皮肤用UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫诱导BALB／c小鼠,3周后进行攻击感染,同时设正常感染对照组。攻击感染6周后解剖小鼠,计算减虫率、减卵率,并观察虫体发育情况和肝组织细胞免疫应答情况。结果免疫组的减虫率和减卵率分别为37．90％和51．16％;免疫组小鼠体内虫体发育明显滞后于正常感染对照组内虫体;免疫组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿较正常组明显减少。结论UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠能诱导较好的免疫保护力。     

UV致弱尾蚴免疫对小鼠血吸虫再感染的保护力观察

目的观察致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率、减卵率及肝脏病理损伤,为血吸虫疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法分别以400μw／cm^2×60s和422μw／cm^2×40s两种不同UV强度及时间照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BL／6和DBA小鼠,观察免疫小鼠对再次血吸虫感染的减虫率、肝脏减卵率及肝脏病理改变。结果400μw／cm^2×60s（A）和422μw／cm^2UV×40s（B）照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫组C57BL／6小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为一0．60％和0．02％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为2．70％和11．37％;DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为29．10％和25．70％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为59．50％和69．50％。422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫C57BL／6小鼠,再次感染血吸虫形成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）;400μw／cm^2UV×60s和422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫造成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）。结论UV致弱尾蚴免疫对C57BL／6、DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫的保护作用较小,但能降低肝脏卵荷并减轻肝脏的病理损伤。     

日本血吸虫核糖体制剂的佐剂作用的探讨

目的 :探讨日本血吸虫核糖体制剂用作血吸虫抗原佐剂的可能性 ,以及日本血吸虫核糖体制剂的保护作用。方法 :小鼠用日本血吸虫核糖体制剂 ( SRP)、日本血吸虫成虫抗原( SWA)和日本血吸虫核糖体制剂加日本血吸虫成虫抗原 ( SRP SWA)免疫后 ,用 ELISA检测体液免疫水平 ,用减虫率表示保护性免疫力。结果 :用 SRP或 SRP SWA免疫小鼠均产生较高滴度的特异性抗体 ,然而均未能诱导比 SWA组小鼠高的减虫率。结论 :SRP可以增强小鼠的体液免疫应答反应 ,但未能使小鼠产生保护性免疫力。     

鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂用作血吸虫抗原佐剂的探讨

目的：探讨鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂对血吸虫抗原的佐剂作用。方法：小鼠分别用鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂（ＳＴＲＰ）加日本血吸虫成虫抗原（ＳＷＡ）和日本血吸虫成虫抗原免疫后，其体液免疫水平用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，保护性免疫力用减虫率表示。结果：用ＳＴＲＰ＋ＳＷＡ免疫的小鼠的抗体水平显著高于单用ＳＷＡ免疫的小鼠。尾蚴攻击感染后，ＳＴＲＰ＋ＳＷＡ免疫组小鼠和ＳＷＡ免疫组小组的减虫率，分别为４７％和１７％，前者高于后者。结论：ＳＴＲＰ可以增强小鼠对血吸虫抗原的体液免疫应答反应，并且可诱导小鼠产生较强的抗尾蚴攻击感染能力。     

重组日本血吸虫中国大陆株rTPI分子对小鼠免疫保护性作用的研究

目的研究重组日本血吸虫中国大陆株磷酸丙糖异构酶（SjC－TPI）分子抗血吸虫感染的保护性作用。方法用IPTG诱导表达,制备纯化的重组TPI蛋白,将重组TPI抗原免疫C57BL／6及昆明鼠,8周后用血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,45d后剖杀,计数减虫率及减卵率。结果C57BL／6获得27．78％的减虫率;昆明鼠获得21．39％的减虫率,54．00％的减卵率。结论重组SjC－TPI对血吸虫感染具有一定的保护作用,可能为日本血吸虫病疫苗候选分子之一。     

重组日本血吸虫超氧化物歧化酶融合蛋白对小鼠免疫保护作用的研究

目的 探讨重组日本血吸虫胞浆内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）融合蛋白在抗血吸虫感染中的免疫保护作用。方法采用亲和层析方法制备纯化表达的重组SOD融合蛋白。用重组SOD融合蛋白加福氏佐剂,免疫C57BL／6J小鼠,4周后用（45±2）条日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,45d后剖杀小鼠,计算减虫率和减卵率,组织切片观察小鼠肝脏的病理变化。结果实验组减虫率为35．63％,减卵率为31．17％。实验组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿数比对照组少,单个肉芽肿的平均直径比对照组小22．32％,血清抗SOD融合蛋白特异性抗体亚类IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b水平明显高于对照组（P均〈0．05）。结论重组SOD分子能诱导一定水平的抗日本血吸虫感染免疫保护作用。     

日本血吸虫紫外线致弱尾蚴免疫鼠诱导的抗病免疫效应

目的观察日本血吸虫紫外线致弱尾蚴（UVC）疫苗免疫小鼠诱导的抗肝虫卵肉芽肿及纤维化效应。方法将60只C57BL／6小鼠随机分为UVC疫苗免疫组和感染对照组。疫苗免疫组小鼠经皮肤接种UVC后5周,每鼠攻击感染（30±2）条正常日本血吸虫尾蚴;感染对照组经皮肤感染同量尾蚴。于攻击感染后7周解剖小鼠;取肝左叶制备连续石蜡切片,测定肝脏单卯肉芽肿大小;用ELISA法检测血清透明质酸（HA）及层黏连蛋白（LN）含量,PCR—ELISA法检测肝组织TGF—β1mRNA的表达水平。结果UVC疫苗免疫组小鼠肝组织单卵肉芽肿直径为（176．25±38．67）μm,显著小于感染对照组的（304．38±53．23）μm（P〈0．01）,与感染对照组相比,UVC疫苗免疫组小鼠肝虫卵肉芽肿直径减小了42．10％。UVC疫苗组小鼠血清中HA、LN含量均显著低于感染对照组,肝纤维化程度明显减轻。结论UVC疫苗免疫小鼠诱导的抗肝虫卵肉芽肿及其纤维化效应同疫苗免疫诱导的细胞免疫应答的增强及高水平的IFN-γ以及肝TGF—β1mRNA表达水平的降低密切相关。     

日本血吸虫肌球蛋白部分重链基因核酸疫苗的构建与小鼠保护性研究

目的研究日本血吸虫肌球蛋白部分重链基因核酸疫苗对小鼠的保护效果。方法用致弱童虫免疫血清筛选日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库,获得的阳性克隆之一与曼氏血吸虫肌球蛋白重链基因同源。PCR法扩增该片断基因,产物克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建成肌球蛋白部分重链基因核酸疫苗。将50μg肌球蛋白(myosin)核酸疫苗注射C57BL/6小鼠的两侧股四头肌,免疫3次,间隔2周,末次免疫后2周经腹部皮肤攻击感染尾蚴30条/鼠,感染6周后用门静脉灌注法收集成虫,计算核酸疫苗免疫组减虫率与空质粒对照组减虫率。结果核酸疫苗免疫组获得了33.02%的减虫率,空质粒对照组获得了24.50%的减虫率,经t检验,两组差异无显著性。结论肌球蛋白部分重链基因核酸疫苗在小鼠中未能诱导出保护力。     

日本血吸虫97kDa DNA疫苗与致弱尾蚴疫苗诱导免疫应答特征的比较研究

目的　对比观察日本血吸虫大陆株副肌球蛋白基因疫苗(Sjc97DNA)与紫外线致弱尾蚴(UVC)疫苗免疫C57BL6小鼠诱导的抗感染保护力及免疫应答特征。　方法　以Sjc97DNA核酸疫苗经后腿胫前肌免疫C57BL6小鼠共2次,每次间隔3wk,末次免疫后3wk攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴;UVC疫苗接种同种小鼠后5wk攻击感染上述等量尾蚴。均于攻击感染后7wk计数虫负荷及肝卵负荷。并设空质粒对照及感染对照组。用ELISA分析免疫鼠攻击感染前后血清特异性IgG、IgA及亚型抗体水平,以及脾淋巴细胞体外诱生的细胞因子水平。　结果　Sjc97DNA疫苗及UVC疫苗免疫小鼠均诱生出以Th1型免疫应答为主的IL2、IFNγ及特异性抗AWA、SEAIgG2a、IgG2b亚型及IgA抗体,UVC疫苗组小鼠各细胞因子及抗体水平均显著高于Sjc97DNA疫苗组,但两疫苗组均未测及IL4。攻击感染后,Sjc97DNA疫苗组的减虫率36.3%、减卵率42.4%,明显低于UVC疫苗组的66.9%和75.6%。攻击感染后7wk,两疫苗组小鼠Th2型免疫应答虽有所增强,但仍以Th1型免疫应答占优势;而空质粒对照组和感染对照组小鼠则以Th2型免疫应答为主。　结论　核酸疫苗与紫外线致弱尾蚴疫苗均能诱导产生抗感染免疫保护力,致弱尾蚴疫苗的免疫保护力高于Sjc97DNA。两疫苗诱导的抗感染     

吖啶诱变剂ICR—170致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导的保护性？…

为了观察吖啶诱变无产卵能力的血喟虫是否能诱生抗感染的保护性免疫力，用１０μｇ／ｍｌ吖啶诱变往日上７０致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴作免疫原，免疫Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｎ小鼠两次，分别于初次免疫后６、８、１０ｗｋ用正常尾蚴作攻击感染。结果免疫鼠成虫减少率为６８．９％，肝组织虫卵减少率为７４．９％。动态观察显示，初次免疫后６ｗｋ攻击感染的减虫率最高，减卵率高峰在６～８ｗｋ．表明诱变剂ＩＣＲ－１７０致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴发育的     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.