Obestatin及其受体与胃肠动力

肥胖抑制素(Obestatin)是一个胃合成的由23个氨基酸组成的酰胺化的脑肠肽,他能够与孤儿G蛋白偶联受体GPR39结合,产生抑制摄食、减缓体质量增加、抑制胃排空和小肠收缩活动的生物学功能.Obestatin和Gllrelin是由同一条Ghrelin基因经翻译后加工修饰而行成的两条不同多肽,但Obestatin表现出与Ghrelin 截然相反的生物学作用.然而,最近有研究怀疑以上发现的真实性.鉴于Obestatin可能不是GPR39的受体以及Obestatin对胃肠调节没有作用的争论,本文主要就Obestatin及其受体和Obestatin对胃肠动力的调节作用等相关研究成果作一概述.     

Convection and permeation and albumin between plasma and interstitium.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is combined with compartmental analysis to interpret albumin sieving and tracer experiments in terms of a permeability-surface product PS (permeation) and a solvent drag reflection coefficient σ_f (convection) for various blood-tissue barriers. The human whole-body albumin data of Lassen, Parving, and Rossing (Lassen, Parving, and Rossing, Microvasc. Res.7, i–iv (1974)), modified for nonliver tissues by Johnson and Levitt (Johnson &; Levitt, Microvasc. Res.9, 141 (1975)) lead to P ～ 1.8 × 10^?8 cm sec^?1 (based on a surface area per unit plasma volume of 700 cm^?1) and to σ_f ～ 0.9, which imply, in agreement with Johnson and Levitt, that permeation is the dominant nonliver blood-tissue transport mechanism for albumin in the normal resting human. Similar values are derived from the dog paw muscle data of Garlick and Renkin (Garlick and Renkin, Amer. J. Physiol.219, 1595–1605 (1970)). The Casley-Smith (Casley-Smith, Microvasc. Res.9, 43–48 (1975)) mechanism of uphill albumin transport is verified as possible. It is tentatively inferred that lymph formation in resting tissue does not result from a small difference between a large fluid (volumetric) filtration and an almost equally large fluid reabsorption, either in the same capillary (Starling) or between different capillaries (Zweifach) (Zweifach, Circ. Res.34, 858–866 (1974)). Rather, reabsorption is negligibly small relative to filtration, and lymph flow is comparable to volumetric filtration.     

ERCP and MRCP--when and why

Since the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the 1970s, gastroenterologists have a wide spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic options in the biliopancreatic ductal system at their disposal. With its arrival in the 1990s, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) developed as a potent diagnostic tool in biliopancreatic pathology. Currently, MRCP is widely replacing diagnostic ERCP and thereby avoiding complications related to endoscopic technique.We summarize evidence-based data and demonstrate indications and differential indications for MRCP and ERCP in pancreatic disease. Complications related to the procedures and possible medical prevention are discussed. The feasibility of interventional endoscopy in pancreatic disease is reported in detail. The role of gastroenterologists in performing MRCP is outlined on the basis of practical examples.