儿童血管迷走性晕厥与焦虑的关系研究

目的 探讨儿童血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)与焦虑的关系.方法 2007年6月至2007年11月在中南大学湘雅二医院儿童晕厥专科门诊就诊或住院的VVS患儿84例,其中男47例,女37例;年龄7～16岁,平均(11.01±2.00)岁.将VVS患儿分为直立倾斜试验(HUTT)阴性组(41例)和HUTT阳性组(43例),再将HUTT阳性组依临床症状分为头晕组与晕厥组.所有受试儿童完成儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED),用统计软件SPSS11.0进行数据分析.结果 (1)HUTT阴性组与HUTT阳性组SCARED得分比较:躯体化或惊恐、广泛性焦虑与焦虑量表总分HUTT阴性组高于HUTT阳性组,分离性焦虑、社交恐怖与学校恐怖得分HUTT阴性组低于HUTT阳性组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)HUTT阳性组、阴性组与全国城市常模组(常模组)SCARED得分比较:躯体化或惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖、学校恐怖与焦虑量表总分均明显高于常模组(P<0.05).(3)HUTT阳性头晕组与晕厥组SCARED得分比较:躯体化或惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖及焦虑量表总分头晕组高于晕厥组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);学校恐怖得分头晕组明显高于晕厥组(P<0.05).结论 儿童VVS中焦虑发生率高.儿童VVS躯体化或惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖与学校恐怖普遍存在,但这些焦虑症状与HUTT结果关联不明显.HUTT阳性患儿中,没有晕厥病史的VVS患儿焦虑评分更高.提示心理因素如焦虑在儿童VVS发生、发展、治疗及预后中可能起重要作用.     

白血病患儿及其父母心理特点调查分析

目的探讨初诊及长期无病生存白血病患儿的情绪、自我意识特征及其父母的情绪特点。方法选用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表分别对40例初诊白血病、20例长期无病生存白血病和50例正常对照儿童进行评定,同时采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对两组白血病儿童的父母进行心理测评。结果白血病患儿的焦虑和抑郁总分均显著高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.028和0.045);其中长期无病生存组患儿在躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑和社交恐怖分量表评分明显高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.002、0.019、0.001和0.000)。初诊组患儿在社交恐怖分量表得分亦显著高于正常对照组(P=0.004),在学校恐怖分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P=0.020)。总体白血病患儿的自我意识总分低于正常对照组(P=0.003),其中长期无病生存组在焦虑、合群、幸福与满足分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P值分别为0.041、0.037和0.037),但自我意识总分与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P=0.581);而初诊白血病组患儿在自我意识总分及行为、智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P值分别为0.007、0.001、0.005、0.031和0.001)。白血病组父母焦虑和抑郁得分均显著高于我国常模组(P0.001),其中初诊白血病组父母的焦虑和抑郁症状检出率显著高于长期无病生存组(P值分别为0.015和0.032)。患儿父母的焦虑和抑郁得分有明显的相关性(r=0.95,P0.001),但与患儿的焦虑、抑郁及自我意识得分均无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论白血病患儿及其父母较正常对照组有更多的焦虑和抑郁情绪,白血病患儿的自我意识降低。因此,应重视对白血病患儿及其父母进行心理辅导及治疗。     

初诊及长期无病生存白血病儿童情绪、自我意识及个性特征的调查分析

目的了解初诊及长期无病生存5年以上白血病儿童的情绪、自我意识特征及个性特征。方法选用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表和儿童版艾森克个性问卷分别对30例初诊白血病、20例长期无病生存5年以上白血病和50例正常对照儿童进行心理评估。结果三组儿童的焦虑总分以及躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、社交恐怖分量表评分差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),其中长期无病生存组患儿的焦虑总分以及躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑和社交恐怖分量表评分均显著高于正常对照组(P均0.05);而初诊组患儿的社交恐怖分量表得分显著高于正常对照组(P0.05),学校恐怖分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P0.05)。在抑郁评分方面,白血病患儿和正常对照组比较以及组间比较均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。三组儿童的自我意识总分以及行为、智力与学校情况和焦虑分量表评分差异有统计学意义,其中长期无病生存组患儿的自我意识总分及各分量表得分与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05),而初诊组患儿的自我意识总分以及行为、智力与学校情况、焦虑分量表得分均显著低于正常对照组(P均0.05);总体白血病患儿与正常对照组比较,自我意识总分以及行为、焦虑分量表得分显著低于正常对照组(P均0.05)。长期无病生存组与初诊组患儿及正常对照组比较,性格普遍偏于内向(P0.01)。结论白血病儿童较正常儿童有更多的焦虑情绪,其自我意识降低,具有内向性格特征。在治疗儿童躯体疾病的同时,对白血病儿童进行社会心理干预非常必要。     

β_1肾上腺素受体基因多态性与小儿血管迷走性晕厥的相关性研究

目的探讨β1肾上腺素受体(ADRB1)基因多态性Arg389Gly与小儿血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)发病的相关性。方法晕厥组为不明原因晕厥(unexplained syncope,UPS)患儿54例,其中男18例,女36例,平均11.8岁;对照组为同期健康体检儿童54例,其中男20例,女34例,平均11.2岁。入选病例均行直立倾斜试验(head-up tilt test,HUTT),根据HUTT结果,分HUTT阳性组即VVS组和HUTT阴性组,各组病例均应用聚合酶链反应PCR和基因测序方法检测ADRB1基因Arg389Gly多态性。结果健康儿童的等位基因Arg389和Gly389的频率分别为73.15%和26.85%,HUTT阳性患儿等位基因Arg389和Gly389的频率分别为66.67%和33.33%,HUTT阴性患儿等位基因Arg389和Gly389的频率分别为85.42%和14.58%;HUTT阳性患儿的Gly389等位基因频率明显高于HUTT阴性组患儿及健康对照儿(P<0.05)。HUTT阳性组共30例(55.6%),其临床分型中心脏抑制型6例(20.0%),混合型9例(30.0%),血管抑制型15例(...     

焦虑性障碍儿童情绪问题及教育心理控制源的研究

目的：对单纯焦虑性障碍儿童的情绪问题及父母的子女教育心理控制源进行初步研究,为焦虑性障碍的早期发现及早期干预提供理论依据。方法：选取2005年9~12月期间确诊的单纯焦虑性障碍儿童110人（焦虑组）及正常儿童113人（对照组）。由儿童本人填写儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表以及子女教育心理控制源量表,最后回收量表197份。结果：焦虑组儿童躯体化、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖、学校恐怖得分、焦虑总分及抑郁总分均明显高于对照组儿童,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。焦虑组儿童父母的“教育成效”得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：焦虑性障碍儿童情绪问题突出,焦虑性障碍患儿父母的教育成效较差。     

儿童血管迷走性晕厥QT间期离散度及心率变异性分析

目的探讨儿童血管迷走性晕厥（VVS）QT间期离散度（QTd）及心率变异性（HRV）的变化。方法采用日本光电9320K12导联同步心电图机及DeMar-K100动态心电图仪对52例VVS患儿及30例健康儿童的QTd及HRV进行测量。结果VVS患儿QTd、校正QT间期离散度和最长QT间期较对照组显著增大，差异具有显著性；直立倾斜试验（HUTT）阳性组和阴性组间QTd值比较差异无显著性。SDNN、SDANN及RMSSD病例组较对照组减小，且病例组SDNN、RMSSD与对照组相比差异有显著性；HUTT阳性组和阴性组间HRV差异无显著性。结论VVS的发病机制与交感神经和副交感神经调节存在障碍有关。HUTT作为诊断VVS的金标准，其阴性者不能除外VVS。QTd、HRV对于VVS患儿发生心肌缺血、心律失常等心血管事件具有一定的预测价值。     

GNB3C825T基因多态性与儿童血管迷走性晕厥相关性的初步探讨

目的 初步探讨GNB3C825T基因多态性与小儿血管迷走性晕厥(vasovagal syncope,VVS)的相关性.方法 晕厥组为不明原因晕厥患儿54例,其中男18例,女36例,平均11.8岁;对照组为同期健康体检儿童54名,其中男20名,女34名,平均11.2岁;入选病例均行直立倾斜试验(head-up tilt test,HUTT),根据HUTT试验结果 ,分HUTT阳性组即VVS组和HUTT阴性组,各组病例均抽取外周血,应用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和基因测序的方法 检测GNB3C825T基因多态性.结果 晕厥组54例患儿,HUTT阳性者30例,其中血管抑制型15例(50.0%)、混合型9例(30.0%)和心脏抑制型6例(20.0%),对照组皆为阴性;GNB3C825T等位基因T在对照组的频率低于晕厥组(18.5%vs 34.3%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=6.888,P＜0.05);GNB3C825T等位基因T在VVS组的频率高于HUTT阴性组(38.3%vs 18.7%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=4.905,P＜0.05);VVS组各临床分型间的等位基因频率的比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.658,P＞0.05).结论 GNB3C825T等位基因频率与VVS有相关性,可考虑作为小儿VVS的候选易感基因,提供临床早期筛查.     

肾穿刺活检儿童心理状态的影响因素分析及其干预

目的 了解儿童肾穿刺活检术前后的心理影响因素及心理干预对其作用.方法 228例患儿随机分为对照组和干预组,其中114例干预组术前增加心理干预.所有患儿术前和术后在家属帮助下填写Birmaher的儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和基本情况表.评价患儿的心理状况,比较对照组和干预组、肾活检前后心理变化,分析影响患儿心理的因素.结果 对照组肾穿刺活检术前SCARED总分为(52.34±15.83)分、干预组为(50.73±14.97)分,均高于国内常模[(33.94±5.78)分];经过术前谈话及心理干预后SCARED总分降低;干预组手术前后SCARED总分变化较对照组升高,而DSRSC总分患儿肾穿刺活检术前后与国内常模比较,差异均无统计学意义;患儿年龄、家庭属地、家属文化程度对患儿焦虑性情绪影响均有统计学意义;手术前后躯体化、焦虑、敌对、恐怖等因子得分均高于国内常模,患儿术后较术前焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子得分降低;干预组手术前后焦虑、敌对、恐怖等因子得分差异与对照组比较有统计学意义.结论 肾穿刺活检患儿术前心理状态受多因素影响.术前患儿多存在焦虑、敌对、恐惧等心理问题.合理的心理干预可降低患儿对手术的恐惧及焦虑情绪.     

心率及血压变异系数对可疑直立不耐受患儿快速识别的临床价值

目的探讨心率及血压变异系数在可疑直立不耐受(OI)患儿快速识别中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性研究。选取2015年1月至2020年1月山东大学齐鲁医院儿科诊治的379例因OI症状入院患儿为病例组;选取20名无晕厥及晕厥先兆症状的门诊健康查体儿童为无症状对照组。病例组根据直立试验及直立倾斜试验(HUTT)结果分为HUTT阴性组、血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)组、体位性心动过速综合征(POTS)组、POTS合并VVS组。分析所有入组儿童试验过程中的血压及心率数据, 分别计算各组研究对象卧立位及卧立倾斜位收缩压变异系数(SBPCV)、舒张压变异系数(DBPCV)及心率变异系数(HRCV)。5组研究对象各项指标的组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验, 组间两两比较采用Dunnett′s T3法;5组内卧立位与卧立倾斜位变异系数比较采用配对样本t检验。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对卧立位心率及血压变异系数的预测价值进行评估。结果 379例患儿中, HUTT阴性组79例、VVS组208例、POTS组52例、POTS合并VVS组40例, 无症状对照组20名。无症状对照组、HUTT阴性组、VVS组、...     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童焦虑抑郁情绪研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童情绪问题。方法ADHD儿童70例与对照组儿童45例分别自行完成儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表。结果ADHD组儿童躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、学校恐怖及焦虑、抑郁总分均高于对照组(P均<0.05)。结论ADHD组儿童存在明显焦虑、抑郁情绪。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.