原发性附睾肿瘤(附32例报告)

目的为了提高对原发性附睾肿瘤的认识。方法回顾性总结已治疗的32例原发性附睾肿瘤。结果其中良性30例，恶性2例，行肿瘤切除16例，附睾切除11例，患侧睾丸附睾切除3例，患侧根治性切除加腹膜后淋巴清除术2例。术前确诊仅为11例，余均经手术后病理确诊。结论原发性附睾肿瘤术前明确诊断困难，治疗有怀疑附睾肿瘤者应首选手术探查，良性者可行肿瘤或附睾切除，如为恶性则需行根治性睾丸切除加腹膜后淋巴清除术。     

睾丸网腺癌6例报告

目的:探讨睾丸网腺癌的发病和临床特点,以做到早诊断、早治疗.方法:报告6例睾丸网腺癌患者的临床资料.6例均为左侧发病,术前均诊断为左侧附睾和睾丸炎,并继发性睾丸鞘膜积液;拟行患侧附睾切除加鞘膜翻转术.术中发现左睾丸质硬有肿物并侵及附睾,遂行睾丸、附睾切除术.结果:术后病理检查诊断为睾丸网腺癌侵及睾丸和附睾;6例术后均获随访.结论:睾丸网腺癌在临床表现独特,根治性睾丸切除辅以根治性腹膜后淋巴结清扫术效果满意,放疗和化疗效果欠佳.     

小儿原发性睾丸肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 提高小儿睾丸肿瘤的临床诊断和治疗水平.方法 回访近6年27例小儿原发性睾丸肿瘤患者,平均年龄41.3个月(1～150个月),平均病程14个月,其中25例源于生殖细胞,17例为良性畸胎瘤;恶性胎瘤10例,其中6例为卵黄囊瘤,2例为胚胎性癌,非生殖细胞恶性肿瘤2例.结果 所有患儿随访1～6年,良性畸胎瘤患儿均施行保睾手术,预后良好.10例恶性肿瘤行根治性睾丸切除,其中3例辅加单侧腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,4例术后复发,其中3例曾再次手术,术后2例患儿死亡.结论 小儿恶性睾丸肿瘤多为卵黄囊瘤,睾丸良性肿瘤多为畸胎瘤,睾丸肿瘤的发现以及诊断并不困难.对于恶性睾丸肿瘤应采取睾丸切除加高位精索结扎术和腹膜后淋巴清扫术,必要时附加化疗.     

原发性附睾肿瘤的诊断和治疗(附16例报告)

目的探讨原发性附睾肿瘤的临床特点,提高诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性总结16例接受手术治疗的原发性附睾肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中13例为附睾良性肿瘤,包括附睾腺瘤样瘤7例,附睾平滑肌瘤3例,附睾纤维假瘤1例,附睾乳头状囊腺瘤1例,附睾硬化性血管瘤1例。13例附睾良性肿瘤患者中8例行肿瘤切除,5例行附睾切除。附睾恶性肿瘤3例,其中腺癌2例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例,均行睾丸附睾切除加腹膜后淋巴结清扫。结果良性肿瘤12例获随访,至今无一例复发;恶性肿瘤均获随访,预后差,2例附睾腺癌术后9个月均死亡,1例非霍奇金淋巴瘤术后2年死亡。结论附睾肿瘤大部分是良性肿瘤,手术效果好。附睾恶性肿瘤少见,但预后差。手术是治疗附睾肿瘤的首选方法 。     

恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤(2例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊断、治疗及预后.方法报告2例恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤患者的临床资料并文献复习.结果根据患者临床表现及相关检查结果,术前诊断睾丸间质细胞瘤.1例伴有肺部转移,1例患者出现腹膜后淋巴结肿大.2例均行病侧睾丸切除术,术后病理结果证实均为恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤.术后1例行放射治疗.术后随访8~21个月,1例术后9个月可见腹膜后淋巴结肿大.1例拒绝进一步治疗,随访8个月后失访.结论恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤比较罕见.通过患者术前睾酮、雌二醇等性激素水平的检查对恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤的诊断有重要意义.早期发现并行根治性患侧睾丸切除术是治疗恶性睾丸间质细胞瘤的有效方法;晚期肿瘤预后较差,放射治疗可以在一定程度上提高患者的生活质量.     

睾丸网腺癌1例报告并文献复习

目的：认识睾丸网腺癌的发病和临床特点，提高早期诊断和治疗水平。方法：分析1例睾丸网腺癌患者的临床资料，并结合文献复习就睾丸网腺癌的早期诊断和治疗进行讨论。结果：术前诊断为左侧附睾丸睾丸炎，并继发性睾丸鞘膜积液，拟行左附睾切除加鞘膜翻转术，术中发现左睾丸质硬并有肿物，遂行睾丸、附睾切除术，术后病理检查诊断为睾丸网腺癌侵及睾丸和附睾。结论：睾丸网腺癌临床表现独特，其基本治疗是根治性睾丸切除术辅以根治性腹膜后淋巴结清扫术，放疗和化疗效果欠佳。     

原发睾丸胚胎癌的诊断与治疗(附6例报告并文献复习)

目的:探讨睾丸胚胎癌临床、病理特点和诊疗方法。方法:回顾2005年~2015年我院收治的6例睾丸胚胎癌的临床资料,参考国内外胚胎癌病例报告并总结诊疗特点。结果:6例术后病理诊断均为胚胎癌,其中5例行睾丸根治性切除术后辅助化疗,1例行睾丸根治性切除术后辅助腹膜后淋巴结清扫及化疗等综合治疗,术后平均随访51(6~101)个月,未见复发及转移。结论:睾丸胚胎癌是一种较少见的男性恶性睾丸肿瘤,多数临床症状不明显,因睾丸肿块就诊,B超为首选检查,血清肿瘤标志物对诊断很重要。最终确诊需要依靠病理诊断,手术治疗是首选治疗方法,腹膜后淋巴结肿大者,需行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,术后辅以辅助治疗效果更佳。     

睾丸内胚窦瘤(附10例报告)

目的 提高睾丸内胚窦瘤的诊治水平。方法 对我院1987年11月～2002年11月收治10例睾丸内胚窦瘤的诊治资料进行分析。结果 10例均行患侧睾丸肿瘤根治术，术后辅以化疗。随诊1～15年，6例Ⅰ期患者均无局部复发及转移。结论 Ⅰ期患者不必常规行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术；早期诊断，睾丸肿瘤根治术加化、放疗能明显提高睾丸内胚窦瘤的治愈率。AFP的动态观察可判断肿瘤是否复发和转移。     

腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术11例报告

目的探讨采用腹腔镜技术行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术在睾丸肿瘤治疗中的技术可行性。方法2006年4月至2009年9月11例原发性睾丸非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤根治性睾丸切除术后1周行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,其中,胚胎癌8例,混合癌3例;术前临床分期：I期9例,IIb期2例;右侧10例,左侧1例。结果11例手术均取得成功,手术平均时间280min;术中出血量1例30～600ml,平均100ml,无输血,无邻近重要脏器损伤,平均切除淋巴结12个。术后淋巴漏1例,饮食控制后1周治愈。术后平均住院时间9d。术后随访6-48个月,无肠粘连、肠梗阻及淋巴囊肿等发生,无肿瘤复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术技术可行,创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快。     

成人睾丸畸胎瘤的诊治分析(附8例报告)

目的探讨成人睾丸畸胎瘤的临床特点及诊治原则和预后情况,提高对此疾病的认识及处理能力。方法对本单位自2006年1月至2018年5月收治的8例成人睾丸畸胎瘤患者的临床症状、病情特点、实验室及影像学检查、治疗方法及对其随访情况进行回顾性分析并结合文献复习。临床分期Ⅰ_a期5例,Ⅰ_b期2例,Ⅱ_a期1例,患者均按照睾丸肿瘤治疗指南推荐的方案进行根治性睾丸切除术,其中Ⅰ_b期和Ⅱ_a期共3例患者行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术及化疗,化疗采用BEP化疗方案,取得较好疗效。术前监测甲胎蛋白(AFP)及β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)均升高4例,术前精液指标无明显异常。结果 8例患者均行根治性患侧睾丸切除术,其中3例患者联合行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术及化疗,均顺利完成手术。8例睾丸畸胎瘤患者术后病检提示纯畸胎瘤5例,混合性生殖细胞肿瘤含畸胎瘤成分3例;其中4例为成熟性,4例为非成熟性。术后监测AFP及β-HCG指标无异常。所有患者术后随访1～32个月,平均23个月,现患者一般情况良好。未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论睾丸畸胎瘤与其他睾丸肿瘤临床症状相似,临床无特异性。睾丸畸胎瘤是一种特殊类型的非精原细胞瘤,对放、化疗不敏感,根治切除手术是临床最有效的治疗方法。睾丸彩超及CT有助于肿瘤诊断。术后睾丸病理活检可明确诊断。治疗上采用根治性睾丸切除术为主,Ⅰ_b期以上并提示有淋巴结转移情况需要联合腹膜后淋巴结清扫术或联合化疗。早期睾丸肿瘤根治术后一般不需辅以放疗或化疗,预后良好。按照指南推荐的早期诊断及治疗对睾丸畸胎瘤的预后有重要意义。     

Surgical treatment of adrenocortical cancer: significance of systematic lymphodissection

Comparative efficacy of radical methods of surgical intervention for adrenocortical cancer (ACC) with lymphodissection (LD) and without it was studied. There were operated on 280 patients for primary ACC. Adrenalectomy (AE) with en bloc excision of tumor and systematic lymph nodes dissection (paranephral, left-side paraaortal and the right-side paracaval collectors) constitutes the optimal surgical procedure. AE with retroperitoneal space lymph nodes dissection is the method of choice for ACC. AE with the tumor en bloc excision without performance of LD may give the same expected efficacy only for I-II stages tumor, when it is impossible to confirm malignancy intraoperatively.     

Intra-abdominal desmoid tumor following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular germ cell tumor

In the testicular cancer post-treatment setting a rapidly growing retroperitoneal mass leads to a differential diagnosis including recurrent germ cell tumor, residual mature teratoma, or sarcomatoid degeneration. We report the case of a 27-year-old man with a large abdominal mass occurring in the setting of a mixed germ cell tumor after radical orchiectomy with primary chemotherapy followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Surgical excision of this mass followed by pathological review revealed an intra-abdominal desmoid tumor. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for isochromosome 12p failed to demonstrate a germ cell tumor origin. This is the fourth such case of an intra-abdominal desmoid tumor after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer in the urologic literature. This case highlights the need for careful consideration of a desmoid tumor when a rapidly growing spindle cell tumor is encountered in a post-treatment testis cancer patient.     

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: long-term oncologic outcomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was first described in 1992, and has become more commonly practiced at certain centers. Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection may be less morbid than open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, but more costly. Controversy exists, however, regarding the oncologic adequacy of the procedure. The published literature regarding the oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is reviewed herein. RECENT FINDINGS: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has not been as widely adopted as other laparoscopic procedures for genitourinary malignancy. There have only been seven publications in the last 3 years, often coming from the same centers. Recently there has been a change in practice with a greater effort to perform therapeutic laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and not simply a staging procedure. Adjuvant chemotherapy is no longer routinely offered to all patients with positive nodes. SUMMARY: The impressive cure rate and decreasing morbidity associated with conventional open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection are difficult to improve upon. While on par with open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection series, the current oncologic outcomes are difficult to attribute to successful laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection alone. Most patients with viable tumor in the retroperitoneal lymph node dissection specimen received chemotherapy. Thus, we must await follow-up of the patients who declined adjuvant chemotherapy after laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or the results of more recent initiatives with laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection alone.     

Paracolic recurrence: the importance of wide excision of the spermatic cord at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

PURPOSE: Four patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection elsewhere and subsequently had radiographic evidence of expanding ipsilateral paracolic recurrence were referred to our institution for treatment. We evaluated ipsilateral spermatic cord metastatic involvement at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and identified the possible etiology of these unusual recurrences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1988 and February 1998, 34 of 685 patients who underwent a total of 702 retroperitoneal lymph node dissections had metastatic disease in the spermatic cord specimen. Variables examined in this group of patients included other disease sites, lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor, histopathological findings of the primary tumor and retroperitoneal disease, clinical and pathological stage, disease side and the specific site of anatomical involvement of metastatic disease within the spermatic cord specimen, that is spermatic vessels and/or surrounding lymphatic tissue. RESULTS: Of these 34 positive spermatic cord specimens 18 were in primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissections and 16 were in post-chemotherapy specimens. Histopathological evaluation in 25 (74%) and 9 (26%) of the 34 primary tumors showed a mixed germ cell pattern and pure embryonal carcinoma, respectively. Similarly 9 of the 34 retroperitoneal lymph node specimens (26%) showed pure embryonal cell carcinoma and the remainder showed mixed histopathological findings. Disease was clinical stage I in 13 cases (38%) and lymphovascular invasion was absent in the primary tumor in 11 (32%). Despite disease in the spermatic cord specimen there was none at the primary landing zone in 2 patients (6%), including 1 in whom the spermatic cord was the only disease site. In 12 positive spermatic cord specimens (35%) disease was identified in the surrounding perivascular and lymphatic tissue without gonadal vessel involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic disease in the spermatic vessels and/or surrounding lymphatic tissue represents a possible site of recurrence when incompletely excised. The lack of lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor does not preclude metastatic disease in the spermatic cord specimen. Complete and wide excision of the spermatic cord and surrounding lymphatic tissues at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is necessary and may prevent paracolic recurrence.     

原发性附睾肿瘤22例

目的：提高对原发性附睾肿瘤的认识和诊疗水平。方法：结合文献回顾性分析22例附睾肿瘤的临床资料,其中20例良性肿瘤中9例行附睾肿瘤单纯切除术,11例行附睾切除术,2例恶性肿瘤行根治性睾丸切除术。结果：术后随访6个月－10年,良性肿瘤无术后复发,2例恶性肿瘤分别于术后6个月和9个月因肿瘤复发,淋巴结转移而死亡。结论：诊断主要依靠病史、体检和B超检查,手术是首选治疗方法。     

Clinical value of testicular lymphangiography in diagnosis of retroperitoneal metastases

Testicular lymphangiography was performed before retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in 20 patients with testicular tumor. The clinical value of testicular lymphangiography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal metastases was evaluated retrospectively in comparison with the findings obtained by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. In 12 patients who had no metastasis in the primary lymph nodes of the testis, testicular lymphangiography showed the lymph vessels to be diverged into 2 to 6 vessels (mean: 3.5) at the level between L2 and L4, and 4 to 10 lymph nodes (mean: 6.2) at the level between L1 and L4 were filled with contrast medium. On the other hand, in 8 patients who had metastases in the primary lymph nodes, several abnormal findings were observed in both lymph vessels and nodes, i.e., discontinuity, extravasation of contrast medium, dilatation, displacement and reflux to the distal side in the lymph vessels, and decrease in number (less than 2), non-visualization, filling defect, displacement and contrastfilling in the contralateral side in lymph nodes. Three to 5 of these abnormal findings were usually found in each case. The extravasation of contrast medium was not a finding specific to cases with lymph node metastases, because it was also found in a few cases without metastases. Testicular lymphangiography is a valuable method to detect primary lymph node metastases from testicular tumor. However, the combination of testicular and foot lymphangiography is imperative to demonstrate wide spread lymph node involvement in the retroperitoneum.     

The current role of surgery in the management of residual disease

The increasing interest in surveillance rather than primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I testis cancer has led to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection being performed mostly after chemotherapy for stage II-IV disease. In most centres residual masses of 2-3 cm or more are removed; those smaller than this are most likely to be necrotic. The aim is to remove all residual disease even if this necessitates nephrectomy or excision of adjacent vascular structures. Laparoscopic approaches are hazardous in these circumstances. Thoraco-abdominal surgical approaches enable excellent access to retroperitoneal masses and synchronous excision of ipsilateral pulmonary metastases and thoracic lymph nodes. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection also appears to be worthwhile in chemotherapy-resistant disease ('desperation retroperitoneal lymph node dissection'), although the relapse rate is higher in this group.     

Treatment of Pure Tubular Carcinoma of the Breast

Abstract: A retrospective study of 63 cases of tubular breast carcinoma was performed to address issues of optimum therapy; in particular, the extent of surgery, the need for axillary lymph node dissection, and the need for postoperative radiation therapy. The patient's mean age at presentation was 57 years. The primary lesions were treated by local excision in 61% of cases and by some form of mastectomy in the remainder. Twenty-one patients were treated with radiation therapy after local excision. Axillary lymph node dissection was performed on 39 patients. The primary lesions ranged in size from 3 to 21 mm (mean 8 mm). Fifteen lesions were larger than 10 mm. Two patients had axillary lymph node metastases (5% of those were treated by axillary lymphadenectomy). These patients were 2 of 15 that had lesions larger than 10 mm. Therefore 13.3% of patients with tumors 10 mm or larger metastasized to axillary lymph nodes. In those two cases, the size of the primary tumor was 11 mm and 14 mm. All patients were free of disease at last follow-up (mean follow-up 4 years, 9 months; median follow-up 4 years). The study demonstrates excellent prognosis for patients with tubular breast carcinoma, regardless of the extent of the surgery, performance of axillary lymph node dissection, or administration of postoperative radiation therapy. Local excision may be adequate to control the primary disease and axillary lymph node dissection may not be necessary in patients with small lesions.     

手术治疗甲状腺乳头状腺癌138例临床分析

对１９８０年１月至１９９６年１２月我院外科手术治疗的１３８例甲状腺乳头状腺癌患者的资料进行了回顾性分析。笔者认为,为了降低肿瘤复发率和并发症的发生,甲状腺叶加峡部切除是较理想的术式,为原发肿瘤直径大于１．５ｃｍ者,无论术前,术中是否摸到肿大淋巴结,以作改良颈淋上结清扫为好,对临床淋巴结阳性者,应根据具体情况实施功能或传统性颈淋巴结清扫术。