万氏牛黄清心片的检测方法研究

目的:探讨万氏牛黄清心片的检测方法,以控制其质量.方法:采用薄层色谱法鉴别牛黄和紫外分光光度法测定黄连中的盐酸小檗碱的含量.结果:薄层色谱法可以把牛黄清晰地鉴别出来,紫外分光光度法测定盐酸小檗碱,平均回收率为99.42%,RSD为0.68%.结论:薄层色谱法简便、快速、准确,可以作为万氏牛黄清心片质量控制的依据.     

清心牛黄片质量标准的研究

目的：建立清心牛黄片的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对清心牛黄片中的当归、川芎、黄芩、冰片、牛黄进行了定性鉴别,采用HPLC法对牛黄中的胆红素进行了鉴别。采用HPLC法对白芍中的芍药苷进行了定量分析。结果：TLC图斑点清晰、阴性对照无干扰;胆红素HPLC图分离度好,阴性样品无干扰;芍药苷在0.087~0.868μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为1.6%（n=6）。结论：该方法操作简便,专属性强,准确可靠,可有效控制清心牛黄片的质量。     

万氏牛黄清心片中胆红素和朱砂的含量测定

目的：建立测定万氏牛黄清心片中胆红素和朱砂的含量测定方法。方法：用高效液相色谱法测定胆红素的含量;用滴定法测定硫化汞含量。结果：胆红素的线性范围为0．0302～0．1812μg（r=0．9998,Y=3．07317×10^-7x＋0．001502994）,平均回收率为99．3％,RSD=0．7％;每片含朱砂以硫化汞（HgS）计,应为28—36mg。结论：该方法能适用于控制万氏牛黄清心片的质量。     

小儿氨酚黄那敏片质量标准的完善

目的:完善小儿氨酚黄那敏片质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法对人工牛黄中的胆红素、贝斯素、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对小儿氨酚黄那敏片中对乙酰胺基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏进行含量测定.结果:薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强;含量测定方法简便,重复性好.结论:建立的方法可准确、快速地进行定性、定量测定,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

万氏牛黄清心片的检测方法研究

制定万氏牛黄清心片的质量标准，采用薄层色谱法鉴别牛黄；采用紫外分光光度法测定黄连的含量。本方法简便、快速、准确。     

喉疾灵片中人工牛黄的检测

建立喉疾灵片中人工牛黄的质量控制方法.采用薄层色谱法鉴别人工牛黄特征成分贝斯素,方法简单、专属性强.高效液相色谱法测定胆红素的含量.采用DiamonsilTM C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-氯仿-1%磷酸(81∶13∶6),流速为1.4 ml·min-1,检测波长为450nm.胆红素的线性范围为0.01589～0.1589μg,r＝0.9993;平均回收率为96.20%,RSD为1.61%(n=9).本方法可用于喉疾灵片的质量控制.     

小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒鉴别方法的改进

目的完善小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒质量标准。方法改进薄层色谱法对对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯的展开系统;采用薄层色谱法对人工牛黄中的胆酸、猪去氧胆酸进行鉴别,并采用分光光度法测定人工牛黄中胆红素的吸收峰。结果薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性强;分光光度法简单,重现性好。结论改进后的方法准确、快速地进行定性测定,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

牛黄降压胶囊中体外培育牛黄的替代使用研究

目的建立牛黄降压胶囊中体外培育牛黄的替代使用的定性鉴别和定量测定方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对方中体外培育牛黄定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对胆红素进行含量测定。结果在与胆酸对照品色谱相应的位置上,牛黄降压胶囊(替代方)和牛黄降压胶囊(原方)的供试品均显相同颜色的斑点;在与猪去氧胆酸对照品色谱相应的位置上,牛黄降压胶囊(原方)显相同颜色的斑点,而牛黄降压胶囊(替代方)未显相同颜色的斑点。胆红素在0.035 52～0.592 00μg与峰面积的线性良好。胆红素平均回收率为97.73%,RSD值为3.22%(n=6)。结论方法简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可用于牛黄降压胶囊中体外培育牛黄的替代使用情况控制。     

藏药二十一味寒水石丸的定性鉴别

目的:建立藏药二十一味寒水石丸的定性鉴别方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法对制剂中诃子、藏木香、木香和牛黄进行了薄层色谱鉴别。结果:在薄层色谱中均能检测出诃子、木香、藏木香、牛黄四味药材,薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性对照品溶液无干扰。结论:本文所建立的方法灵敏、可靠,专属性强,可为二十一味寒水石丸的质量控制提供一定的依据。     

八宝眼粉质量标准的研究

目的:建立八宝眼粉的质量控制方法.方法:采用化学反应和薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴别方中炉甘石、人工牛黄、冰片;采用气相色谱法(GC)测定冰片的含量.结果:鉴别效果满意;冰片在0.09808～0.78464 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为101.5%,RSD=1.40%(n=5).结论:本方法简便、快速准确,可作为该制剂质量控制方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.