血管内超声技术对冠心病介入性诊疗中临床价值的研究

目的：探讨血管内超声（IVUS）在冠状动脉粥样硬化诊断、指导及评价经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）中的作用。方法：对106例行冠状动脉造影（CAG）患者的152处冠状动脉血管段于支架置入术前、67处血管段于术后及21处于高压球囊扩张后进行IVUS检测。结果：IVUS在显示血管壁的形态结构、斑块的性质方面敏感性高于CAG检查，诊断冠心病更准确，血管造影低估冠脉病变的严重程度；本组152处血管，经CAG和IVUS检查符合介入治疗干预指征的血管67处，IVUS指导置入支架的大小、长度以及置入的位置，支架置入术后，血管总截面积、管腔面积增加，斑块面积及面积狭窄率降低；高压球囊扩张前后斑块面积差异无显著性，血管总截面积、管腔面积、面积狭窄率有显著性差异。结论：IVUS诊断冠心病的敏感性和特异性均为100％，IVUS是诊断冠心病的金标准；IVUS能准确选择支架置入的适应症、帮助选择支架大小，支架置入后可精确评价支架扩张是否充分。血管内超声是目前指导支架置入和评价支架置入效果的最佳手段。     

冠心病分叉病变不同处理方法疗效研究

目的 探讨应用药物支架治疗冠心病分叉病变时对开口狭窄的分支血管不同处理方法的疗效.方法 入选66例主支血管药物支架置入术后引起直径≥2.0mm且＜2.5mm分支血管开口狭窄大于50%的、于术后6～12个月间接受冠状动脉造影随访的患者,根据分支血管采取的不同治疗方法分成2组,即主支置入支架、分支血管单纯球囊扩张组(球囊扩张组)和主支置入支架、分支未处理组(未处理组).观察分支血管开口狭窄程度变化及主要不良心血管事件发生情况.结果 于术后6～12个月接受冠状动脉造影复查随访时,虽然分支开口狭窄程度在球囊扩张组优于未处理组,但两组间主支血管再狭窄率和主要不良心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对支架置入后开口狭窄的分支血管采取单纯球囊扩张治疗并没有改善远期临床预后.     

分叉病变不同处理方法的疗效观察

目的观察比较应用药物支架治疗分叉病变时对开口狭窄的分支血管的不同处理方法(即支架治疗、单纯球囊扩张和不处理分支)的疗效。方法入选93例主支血管药物支架置入术后引起直径≥2.0mm分支血管开口狭窄大于50%的、于术后6~12个月间接受冠状动脉造影随访的患者,根据分支血管采取的不同治疗方法分成3组,即主支和分支血管均置入支架组(简称支架组)、主支置入支架、分支血管单纯球囊扩张组(简称球囊扩张组)和主支置入支架、分支未处理组(简称未处理组)。观察分支血管开口狭窄程度变化及主要不良心血管事件发生情况。结果于术后6~12个月接受冠状动脉造影复查随访时,虽然分支开口狭窄程度在支架组和球囊扩张组仍优于未处理组(三组分别为40.21%,40.76%和80.23%;P<0.001),但三组间主支血管再狭窄率和主要不良心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义(三组主支血管再狭窄率分别为33.33%,25.00%和12.50%;P=0.085;主要不良心血管事件发生率分别为38.10%,29.17%和25.00%;P=0.523)。结论对支架置入后开口狭窄的分支血管采取积极的处理方法(如支架置入、单纯球囊扩张)同未处理组相比,并没有改善远期临床预后。     

血管内超声技术在冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的临床应用价值

目的探讨血管内超声技术在冠心病(CHD)经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗中的临床应用价值。方法选取2015年1月—2016年7月我院收治的CHD病人208例,依据检查方法不同分为两组,接受血管内超声技术(IVUS)引导下PCI治疗的病人93例为IVUS组,接受选择性冠状动脉造影(CAG)引导下PCI治疗的病人115例为CAG组,比较两组血管造影情况、支架置入情况及临床结局。结果 IVUS组支架扩张时最大球囊压力、管腔直径最大获得值及PCI后最小管腔直径均大于CAG组(P0.05),PCI后残余狭窄率明显小于CAG组(P0.05)。置入术后分别采用IVUS与CAG检查评价即刻效果,IVUS显示28处支架开放不理想,需再次行高压球囊扩张,CAG显示2处置入不理想,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);IVUS组心绞痛住院和亚急性血管闭塞发生率均显著低于CAG组(P0.05)。结论 IVUS技术可指导PCI手术获得较大的管腔直径,从而指导球囊选择和介入治疗过程,减轻术后残余狭窄,降低远期心脏事件发生率。     

中重度冠状动脉钙化对介入治疗即刻疗效的影响

目的观察中重度冠状动脉钙化对冠状动脉介入治疗即刻疗效的影响。方法连续收集84例冠心病患者(84处靶病变),在冠状动脉支架置入术前后,通过血管内超声分析冠状动脉斑块特征、评估支架置入情况,并收集临床资料及介入操作相关信息,根据结果分为无钙化组36例和中重度钙化组48例,所有钙化病变均给予充分预扩张,并在血管内超声指导下视情况给予后扩张处理,对比2组PCI前后临床及影像学特征。结果 PCI后中重度钙化组置入支架直径、术后最小支架直径、最小支架横截面积、即刻管腔获得及相对管腔获得均小于无钙化组(P<0.05),PCI前中重度钙化组单支病变、靶病变B1型、斑块偏心指数、远端参考外弹力膜面积及管腔面积小于无钙化组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。而2组支架对称性、膨胀指数、手术并发症、院内主要不良心血管事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术前最小管腔截面积、斑块负荷、管腔面积狭窄率、重构指数、病变长度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血管内超声指导下给予充分预扩张及非顺应性高压球囊后扩张处理后,中重度钙化仍然影响PCI术后即刻管腔获得,但最终管腔面积基本理想。     

血管内超声技术在介入治疗急性冠脉综合征中的应用研究

目的探讨血管内超声（IVUS）在介入治疗急性冠脉综合征（ACS）中的临床价值。方法65例ACS患者,35例在IVUS指导下实施支架置入术为治疗组,30例直接支架置入术患者为对照组,术后随访1年,观察两组患者心绞痛等心血管不良事件发生率。结果治疗组支架置入后IVUS检查,3例贴壁欠佳,7例支架未充分扩张,使用高压球囊高压扩张（18-20atm）后复查IVUS达到满意标准,其余25例达到满意标准;支架置入后,斑块面积显著减少（P〈0．01）,病变处最小管腔面积、最小管腔直径显著增加（P〈0．01）。对照组30例支架置入后,CAG提示贴壁良好,TIMI血流3级。随访1年,治疗组1例出现心绞痛,3例偶发性室性早搏;对照组6例出现心绞痛,4例频发室性早搏,5例出现劳力性胸闷。结论IVUS能准确测量血管直径、病变处血管腔面积及斑块面积,同时能分析病变偏心程度及斑块特征,因此可指导选择支架的规格,支架置入后可观察支架的位置、比邻关系、贴壁情况,支架扩张程度,是评价冠脉支架置人较理想的方法。     

冠心病患者血管内超声与冠状动脉造影术的比较

目的:观察血管内超声(IVUS)在冠状动脉粥样硬化诊断、指导及评价经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)中的作用。方法:对31例行冠状动脉造影(CAG)患者的33处冠状动脉血管段于支架置入术前、术后及球囊扩张后行IVUS检测。结果:IVUS在显示血管壁的形态结构、斑块的性质方面敏感性高于CAG检查,诊断冠心病更准确,CAG低估冠状动脉病变的严重程度;本组38处血管,经CAG和IVUS检查符合介入治疗干预指征的血管33处,IVUS指导植入支架的大小、长度以及植入的位置,支架植入术后,血管总截面积、管腔面积增加,斑块面积及面积狭窄率降低。结论:IVUS诊断冠心病的敏感性和特异性均为100%,IVUS是诊断冠心     

冠状动脉血管内超声在冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用价值

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)冠状动脉(冠脉)血管内超声(IVUS)病变特点及IVUS在冠脉支架置入术中的应用价值。方法选取2016年5月~2017年3月于郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院就诊的68例冠心病患者,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各34例。两组均接受IVUS检查,同时对照组经冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导实施冠脉支架置入术,观察组经IVUS指导实施冠脉支架置入术。统计分析冠脉病变IVUS检查特征、治疗前后病变血管最狭窄部位最小血管直径(MLD)、斑块负荷、直径狭窄率(DS)变化情况、支架置入率及达标率,并于1年后随访,统计对比两组心脏事件发生率。结果 IVUS检查可知68例患者中,冠脉狭窄程度70%者占11.76%,最小管腔面积4 mm~2者占50.00%;治疗后两组MLD较治疗前增加,斑块负荷及DS较治疗前减小,且观察组MLD高于对照组,斑块负荷及DS小于对照组(P0.05);观察组支架置入率94.12%及达标率88.24%高于对照组(70.59%、64.71%,P0.05);两组心血管事件发生率比较,观察组11.76%低于对照组20.58%,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经IVUS检查可有效检出冠心病冠脉病变特征,于其辅助下实施冠脉支架置入术效果显著,可有效增加血管直径,减小斑块负荷,提高支架置入率及达标率,降低不良心血管事件发生风险,具有推广价值。     

血管内超声指导冠状动脉中重度钙化病变介入治疗的效果

目的:评价血管内超声(IVUS)对冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变介入治疗的指导作用及对预后的影响。方法:2009年1月~2013年1月冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变患者219例接受冠状动脉介入治疗,其中95例患者术中应用血管内超声指导,124例患者在单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导下完成介入治疗。结果:两组患者的临床基线特征、靶血管部位、病变类型、置入支架数目、长度、直径;冠状动脉旋磨和切割球囊应用等方面,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者住院期间及术后30 d临床终点事件,包括主要不良心血管事件(MACE)事件、支架内血栓发生率的差异均无统计学意义。随访12个月时,IVUS组MACE事件发生率显著低于CAG组(8.4%vs.17.7%,P0.05),IVUS组靶血管重建发生率显著低于CAG组(3.2%vs.10.5%,P0.05)。IVUS组与CAG组在支架内血栓发生率方面差异无统计学意义(3.2%vs.3.2%)。结论:IVUS指导中-重度冠状动脉钙化病变术后即刻和短期临床效果并不优于CAG,但应用IVUS指导能够显著降低术后1年靶血管重建发生率。     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效评价

目的:评价雷帕霉素洗脱支架(CYPHERTM支架)治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的近、远期疗效。方法:76例冠状动脉分叉病变且有临床缺血症状的患者接受了主支CYPHERTM支架及分支血管球囊扩张术,术后对患者进行临床随访及冠状动脉造影复查,回顾性分析其结果。结果:76例中有35例行吻合球囊扩张术,主支无残余狭窄或残余狭窄<10%,分支残余狭窄<50%,住院期间无严重并发症如支架内血栓形成、急性心肌梗死、紧急外科冠状动脉搭桥术或死亡等。患者平均随访时间(8.3±1.9)个月,有1例患者心绞痛复发,无心肌梗死或死亡。冠状动脉造影的随访率81.6%,主支平均晚期管腔丢失(0.08±0.02)mm,分支血管晚期管腔丢失(0.20±0.05)mm。靶血管血运重建率5.26%。结论:应用主支CYPHERTM支架和分支血管球囊扩张的方法治疗分叉病变安全、可行,并可有效防止主支血管再狭窄。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.