高血压患者血红细胞分布宽度及胱抑素C水平与尿蛋白肌酐比值的关系

目的 观察高血压患者尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值、血清胱抑素C水平及血红细胞分布宽度（RDW）的关系,探讨红细胞分布宽度、胱抑素C水平与高血压早期肾损害的关系。方法 入选高血压患者266例,根据尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）分为高血压肾脏正常组152例（UACR＜30 mg/g）和高血压早期肾损害组114例（UACR≥30 mg/g）,检测患者血脂、空腹血糖、血清胱抑素C、血常规、肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、尿微量白蛋白、尿肌酐,测量体质指数（BMI）,调查有无吸烟、饮酒等危险因素。另设对照组50例（选自我院体检中心健康体检者）。结果 ①与对照组相比,高血压肾脏正常组及高血压早期肾损害组RDW水平均明显升高（13.43±0.92,15.05±1.29 vs 12.09±0.57）,差异有统计学意义（P均<0.01）;高血压早期肾损害组血清胱抑素C水平明显升高（1.46±0.22 vs 1.16±0.18,P<0.01）②与高血压肾脏正常组比较,高血压早期肾损害组RDW水平（15.05±1.29 vs 13.43±0.92）及胱抑素C水平（1.46±0.22 vs 1.20±0.19）均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。③高血压组随着血压水平的升高、UACR的增加,RDW水平逐渐增加。④高血压组RDW与UACR、血清胱抑素C水平、平均收缩压呈正相关（r值分别为0.596、0.633和0.479,P均<0.01）。结论 RDW指标简单易获得,可作为原发性高血压早期肾损害的预测指标,联合血清胱抑素C水平预测价值更高。     

血糖及血压波动增加2型糖尿病患者发生微血管并发症风险

摘要 目的：观察血糖及血压波动对 2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者微血管并发症-糖尿病肾病（DN）的影响，并探讨DN患者血糖及血压波动的相关性。方法：收集T2DM合并高血压患者160例。根据尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(UACR)将患者分为正常蛋白尿组84例（UACR＜30mg/g）和微量蛋白尿组76例（近半年2次以上30mg/g≤UACR≤300mg/g）。采用动态血压监测仪监测24h血压，分析血压波动情况；采用多点血糖监测评估血糖波动 [血糖标准差（SDBG）、餐后血糖波动幅度（PPGE），最大血糖波动幅度（LAGE)]；并分析DN与血糖及血压波动指标的相关性。结果：微量蛋白尿组空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、SDBG、LAGE及全天血压、24h收缩压标准差（24hSBP-SD）、24h舒张压标准差（24hDBP-SD）、日间收缩压标准差（dSBP-SD）和舒张压标准差（dDBP-SD）高于正常蛋白尿组（P均＜0.05）。微量蛋白尿组SDBG与24hDBP-SD呈正相关，微量蛋白尿组尿白蛋白/UACR与FBG、HbA1c、SDBG、LAGE、24hSBP、24hSBP-SD呈正相关（P均＜0.05）。结论:血糖及血压波动可能增加T2DM合并高血压患者微血管并发症的发生。     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比值与糖尿病视网膜病变关系的研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的关系.方法 595例2型糖尿病患者进行UACR和眼底摄片检查,并根据UACR将患者分为3组:正常白蛋白尿组(n =519)、微量白蛋白尿组(n=28)和大量白蛋白尿组(n=48).比较3组患者的年龄、糖尿病病程等基本情况及DR发生率;同时以正常白蛋白尿组为参照,分析另外两组患者DR的相对危险度;最后,运用多元逐步线性回归和二元Logistic回归验证UACR与DR发生率的关系.结果 (1)3组患者的年龄、糖尿病病程、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、UACR差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)3组患者DR发生率依次升高,分别为30.4％、53.6％、54.2％,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).(3)微量白蛋白尿组患DR的相对危险度为2.638 (95％ CI:1.225 ～ 5.682),大量白蛋白尿组患DR的相对危险度为2.702(95％ CI:1.486 ～4.902),且差异均存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)多元逐步线性回归和二元Logistic回归显示,UACR与DR发生率有着显著的联系(P＜0.05).结论 2型糖尿病患者UACR与DR的发生密切相关.     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄量与视网膜病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄量与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性及其在视网膜病变不同阶段的应用价值.方法 测定133例住院2型糖尿病患者24小时尿白蛋白排泄量,并进行眼底荧光血管造影检查(FFA),根据尿白蛋白排泄量和视网膜病变程度进行分组,分析尿白蛋白排泄量与视网膜病变的相关性.结果 微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组患者非增殖性视网膜病变和增殖性视网膜病变的患病率均显著高于正常白蛋白尿组(P＜0.01).非增殖性视网膜病变组、增殖性视网膜病变组尿白蛋白排泄量均显著高于无视网膜病变组(P＜0.01),且增殖性视网膜病变组尿白蛋白排泄量高于非增殖性视网膜病变组(P＜0.05).结论 尿白蛋白排泄量与视网膜病变程度密切相关,可以作为视网膜病变的预报和监测指标,糖尿病患者自确诊起即应定期监测尿白蛋白排泄量.     

2型糖尿病患者UACR与TBI关系探讨

目的 2型糖尿病患者UACR与TBI的相关性研究。方法将2015年5月—2016年5月收治的167例2型糖尿病患者,按尿白蛋白/尿肌酐结果分为A组正常白蛋白尿组、B组微量白蛋白尿组、C组大量白蛋白尿组,比较各组患者生化指标的差异;对ABI与TBI的相关性进行分析;采用多元线性回归对UACR与各项指标进行相关性分析。结果(1)随着UACR值增加,病程较长,合并高血压史的比例高,CHO、TG、LDL-C、Hb A1c的水平较高,HDL-C、ABI、TBI的值较低(P0.01);进一步以上述有统计学意义临床指标为自变量,UACR为因变量,进行逐步多元回归分析,发现与BMI、Hb A1c正相关(P0.01),与ABI负相关(r=-2.246,P0.01),与TBI负相关(r=-1.367,P0.01);(2)ABI与TBI相关系数为r=0.54。结论 (1)UACR值与2型糖尿病患者TBI值存在关系;(2)ABI与TBI呈正线性相关。     

厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪对老年高血压患者尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值的影响

目的探讨厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪对老年高血压患者尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UACR)的影响。方法连续入选2012年2月~2015年2月徐州医学院附属医院老年医学科住院126例1级、2级高血压患者,根据UACR分为:正常对照组(UACR30 mg/g)46例、微量蛋白尿组(30 mg/g≤UACR300mg/g)43例、临床蛋白尿组(UACR≥300 mg/g)37例,3组均给予厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪降压治疗,比较3组患者治疗前及治疗后6个月末UACR的变化。结果与治疗前比较,正常对照组、微量蛋白尿组、临床蛋白尿组3组患者治疗后收缩压[(128.93±8.77)mm Hg vs.(157.66±9.23)mm Hg;(130.18±8.56)mm Hg vs.(158.35±8.88)mm Hg;(131.54±9.07)vs.(158.66±9.15)mm Hg]、舒张压[(79.37±6.15)mm Hg vs.(98.93±5.26)mm Hg;(80.64±5.84)mm Hg vs.(99.24±5.35)mm Hg;(80.94±5.59)mm Hg vs.(99.36±5.21)mm Hg]皆明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。微量蛋白尿组患者UACR治疗后与治疗前比较明显下降[(143.27±55.73)mg/g vs.(167.22±62.84)mg/g],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);正常对照组和临床蛋白尿组患者UACR治疗后与治疗前比较[(18.67±3.97)mg/g vs.(19.53±4.57)mg/g;(348.61±23.52)mg/g vs.(356.17±27.35)mg/g]差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪可有效降低老年高血压患者的血压,并降低微量蛋白尿患者的UACR,对正常范围蛋白尿患者及临床蛋白尿患者的UACR短期作用不明显。     

原发性高血压患者血清vaspin水平与血压及UACR关系的研究

目的:观察原发性高血压患者血清内脏脂肪特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor,vaspin)水平及尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐(urine protein to creatine ratio,UACR),探讨血清vaspin与血压及UACR之间的关系。方法:选取就诊于湘雅医院并未行治疗的原发性高血压患者125例,其中原发性高血压UACR正常组67例(高血压组),原发性高血压UACR升高组58例(UACR组)。另选健康体检者53例为对照组。测定各组血清vaspin水平、尿微量白蛋白、尿肌酐值,计算比值。观察各组间血清vaspin水平、UACR值的差异,vaspin与血压及UACR的相关性。结果:高血压组血清vaspin水平低于对照组(P0.05),UACR组血清vaspin水平低于高血压组(P0.05)。相关分析显示vaspin水平与SBP、DBP、UACR呈负相关关系(r=-0.294,r=-0.589,r=-0.381;均P0.01);UACR与SBP、DBP、LDL-C、Hs-CRP呈正相关关系(r=0.503,r=0.628,r=0.208,r=0.301;均P0.01)。多元逐步回归显示vaspin为收缩压、舒张压、UACR的独立影响因素(偏相关系数β分别为-1.782,-1.874,-0.063;P值分别为0.000,0.000,0.030)。DBP为UACR的独立影响因素(偏相关系数β=0.065,P=0.000)。结论:原发性高血压患者血清vaspin水平与SBP、DBP、UACR显著负相关关系。vaspin水平可能是原发性高血压血压升高程度的一个评价指标及原发性高血压尿微量白蛋白的一个预测指标。     

2型糖尿病患者C-反应蛋白与尿微量白蛋白的关系研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）浓度的变化,分析CRP与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法该院选取2013年1月—2014年1月收治的正常对照组40例和2型糖尿病患者130例,根据尿白蛋白排泄率将糖尿病患者分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组,测定血肌酐、CRP。结果 2型糖尿病患者CRP、血肌酐浓度明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;24 h尿微量白蛋白阳性的2型糖尿病患者的CRP及血肌酐明显高于24 h尿微量白蛋白阴性的2型糖尿病患者（P〈0.01）,糖尿病患者的CRP与尿微量白蛋白呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论糖尿病组的CRP水平与尿微量白蛋白呈显著正相关,表明糖尿病肾病可能与炎性反应过程有关。     

尿L-FABP、KIM-1、NGAL和血清cystatin C在糖尿病肾病中的变化及意义

目的 探讨尿液肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)、肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)和血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(cystatin)C水平在糖尿病肾病患者中的改变以及临床意义.方法 纳入2011年10月至2012年10月泸州医学院附属医院内分泌科确诊为2型糖尿病(T2DM)的住院患者118例,根据尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)分为正常白蛋白尿组(n=45)、微量白蛋白尿组(n=42)以及大量白蛋白尿组(n=31).同时选择同期健康体检者41名作为正常对照组.采用ELISA法检测尿L-FABP、KIM-1和NGAL,免疫比浊法检测血清cystatin C.所有尿液检测指标经尿肌酐校正,比较各组间各标志物的变化情况及与UACR、估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的相关性.结果 与正常对照组相比,糖尿病各组尿L-FABP和血清cystatin C水平明显升高,(x2=77.959,104.003,P均＜0.05);尿KIM-1水平亦明显升高(x2=29.711,P＜0.05).微量白蛋白尿组与大量白蛋白尿组尿NGAL水平较正常对照组和正常白蛋白尿组明显升高(x2=23.833,P＜0.05),但在正常白蛋白尿组与正常对照组间未见明显变化.尿L-FABP、KIM-1、NGAL及血清cystatin C与UACR呈正相关(r=0.719,0.427,0.327,0.726,P均＜0.01);仅L-FABP、血清cystatin C与eGFR呈负相关(r=-0.301、-0.791,P＜ 0.01).结论 尿L-FABP、KIM-1、NGAL和血清cystatin C在糖尿病肾病早期显著升高,其中尿L-FABP和血清cystatin C可能是反映糖尿病肾损伤较好的生物学指标.     

糖尿病微血管病变危险因素分析

将77例T2DM患者分为3组：正常白蛋白尿组（尿白蛋白排泄率≤30mg/d）、微量白蛋白尿组（为30～300mg/d）及临床白蛋白尿组（≥300mg/d）。结果：不同蛋白尿组之间在病程、血压、肌酐、TG、HDL、脂蛋白（α）、UACR及DR变发生率上均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而DR患者中DN发病率亦明显升高。结论：DN与病程、血压、血脂、UACR等因素有关,病程、UACR增加是DN、DR的重要危险因素。     

Prognostic value of microalbuminuria on admission in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

ObjectiveThere have been no studies examining the effect of microalbuminuria on outcomes of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE). This study aimed to assess the association between microalbuminuria and in-hospital mortality in patients with APE.MethodsThis retrospective study included all adult patients hospitalized due to APE between June 2015 and May 2018. Blood and urine samples were collected before the diagnostic procedures on admission. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) levels: normoalbuminuria (<30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (30–299 mg/g), and macroalbuminuria (> 300 mg/g). The primary endpoint of the study was in-hospital mortality.ResultsA total of 154 consecutive patients (mean age 69.8 ± 13.4 years, 51.9% female) were included, and 21 (13.6%) of the patients died during their in-hospital course. The prevalence of normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria was 70.1%, 23.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. Patients with in-hospital mortality had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but higher UACR at admission than those patients who survived. As compared with patients with normoalbuminuria, multivariate analyses showed that the patients with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria had 2.38-, and 3.48-fold higher risk for in-hospital mortality, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses also showed that UACR >102.6 mg/g (OR: 1.76; 95% CI, 0.99–3.16; p = 0.011) was independently associated with in-hospital mortality, while a low eGFR was not associated.ConclusionMicroalbuminuria at admission may allow rapid prediction of prognosis in patients with APE.     

上海中心城区2型糖尿病患者高敏C反应蛋白与白蛋白尿相关性研究

目的 分析上海中心城区2型糖尿病患者高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）与白蛋白尿的相关性.方法 2004年2月至8月,整群抽样上海市中心城区30岁以上已诊断2型糖尿病患者1039例,其中最后人组的574例患者采用免疫比浊法测定了hs-CRP,排除hs-CRP＞10 mg/L者54例,并根据资料完整性,最终有515例患者进行本次分析.采用单因素相关分析和Logistic回归分析评价hs-CRP与白蛋白尿的相关情况.结果 （1）log hs-CRP与年龄、体重指数、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、胆固醇、甘油三酯、白蛋白尿具有相关性（r值分别为0.142、0.305、0.243、0.225、0.264、0.126、0.105、0.168,均P＜0.05）;（2）随着hs-CRP的升高,正常白蛋白尿的比例下降,微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿的比例升高（x2=18.31,P＜0.01）;（3）组间比较显示,微量白蛋白尿组及大量白蛋白尿组hs-CRP水平与正常白蛋白尿组比较差异有统计学意义（x2值分别为12.36、9.61,均P＜0.01）,微量白蛋白尿组与大量白蛋白尿组相比较,差异无统计学意义（x2=1.24,P＞0.05）.（4）Logistic回归分析显示,收缩压（β值0.035）、hs-CRP（0.110）、HbA1c（0.246）为微量白蛋白尿的独立危险因素（均P＜0.05）.结论 hs-CRP与微量白蛋白尿独立相关,提示慢性亚临床炎症可能参与了社区糖尿病人群早期肾脏损伤.     

Association of microalbuminuria and atherosclerotic risk factors in non-diabetic subjects in Korea

Microalbuminuria in non-diabetic subjects is reportedly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in non-diabetic subjects varies widely from 5–6% in the UK and USA to 30–55% in Finland, Mexico, or Australian Aborigines. We studied cross-sectionally 497 clinically healthy, non-diabetic subjects more than 40 years of age who were living in Seoul, Korea for the prevalence of microalbuminuria and various cardiovascular risk factors. Urinary albumin–to–creatinine ratio (UACR) was determined in morning spot urine samples. Subjects were divided into normoalbuminuria (UACR <2 mg/mmol) and microalbuminuria (UACR ≥2 mg/mmol) groups. A total of 61 (12.2%) out of 497 subjects were found to have microalbuminuria. Subjects with microalbuminuria had significantly higher values in age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio in women, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride, and fasting plasma insulin. When subjects with microalbuminuria were compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls without microalbuminuria, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma insulin concentrations were higher in microalbuminuric subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that fasting plasma insulin level and systolic blood pressure were independently associated with microalbuminuria. These results indicate that the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Korean non-diabetic subjects is lower than that in Mexico and Finland, but similar to that in Caucasians from the UK and USA, or in Pima Indians. Also, microalbuminuria in Korean non-diabetic subjects is associated with atherosclerotic risk factors such as hyperinsulinemia and hypertension, suggesting that microalbuminuria in these subjects may be a feature of insulin resistance syndrome.     

Low transition rate from normo- and low microalbuminuria to proteinuria in Japanese type 2 diabetic individuals: the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS)

Aims/hypothesis

The aim of the study was to determine the transition rate and factors associated with the progression of normo- and low microalbuminuria to diabetic nephropathy (overt proteinuria).

Methods

For 8?years we prospectively observed 1,558 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose basal urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) had been measured as <17.0?mg/mmol at entry. The incidence of nephropathy (UACR >33.9?mg/mmol) was determined by measuring UACR twice a year.

Results

Progression to nephropathy occurred in 74 patients. The annual transition rate was 0.67%, and was substantially higher for the low-microalbuminuric group than for the normoalbuminuric group (1.85% and 0.23%, respectively; hazard ratio for the low-microalbuminuric group 8.45, p?<?0.01). The hazard ratio for an HbA_1c of 7?C9% or ??9% was 2.72 (p?<?0.01) or 5.81 (p?<?0.01) relative to HbA_1c <7.0%, respectively. In comparison with individuals with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <120?mmHg, the hazard ratios for patients with an SBP of 120?C140?mmHg or ??140?mmHg were 2.31 (p?=?0.06) and 3.54 (p?<?0.01), respectively. Smoking also affected progression to proteinuria (hazard ratio 1.99, p?<?0.01). In contrast, 30.3% of the low-microalbuminuric group returned to normoalbuminuria (i.e. were in remission).

Conclusions/interpretation

These results suggest that if patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are receiving treatment from diabetologists for hyperglycaemia and hypertension when they are in the early stages of nephropathy (i.e. normo- or low microalbuminuria), their rate of transition to proteinuria is considerably lowered, and that differentiating patients with low microalbuminuria from those with high microalbuminuria might be clinically useful.

Trial registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry C000000222

Funding

The study was funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.     

Moxonidine Effect on Microalbuminuria, Thrombomodulin, and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Levels in Patients with Essential Hypertension

Increased sympathetic activity seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of complications of atherosclerotic origin in patients with essential hypertension (EH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new antihypertensive agent, moxonidine (M), on microalbuminuria (urine albumin excretion, UAE), plasma thrombomodulin (TM), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in patients with mild to moderate EH associated with increased UAE. Fifty-eight patients (32 M, 26 F) with EH and microalbuminuria, with a mean age of 56.6 ± 8.2 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.8 ± 3.1 kg/m2 who responded to M therapy (0.3–0.4 mg/daily) were studied before and after their blood pressure control. The 24-hour urine albumin excretion (RIA method), as well as TM and PAI-1 plasma levels (ELISA method), were determined before and 6 months after the initiation of treatment under moxonidine therapy. At the end of the 6-month period, all patients remained normotensive. The 24-hour urine albumin excretion had decreased to 24.5 ± 6.4 vs. 32.3 ± 7.2 ug/min before therapy (P < 0.001). The plasma TM levels had decreased to 44.0 ± 7 vs. 51.0 ± 9 ng/mL before therapy (P < 0.01), and PAI-1 levels had also decreased to 11.5 ± 4.5 vs. 15.8 ± 8 IU/mL before therapy (P < 0.05). The results of our study suggest that in hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria, moxonidine, an imidazoline I1-receptor agonist, a new centrally acting antihypertensive agent, significantly reduces urine albumin excretion as well as thrombomodulin and PAI-1 levels. These preliminary findings demonstrate a favorable effect on renal function and endothelial homeostatic mechanisms (maintenance of haemostatic balance).     

Central vs. peripheral blood pressure components as determinants of retinal microvessel diameters

BackgroundWe assessed association of retinal arteriolar and venular diameters with central and peripheral blood pressure (BP).MethodsWe post-processed retinal photographs from 514 participants randomly recruited from a Flemish population (mean age, 50.6 years; 50.8% women), using IVAN software to generate retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular (CRVE) equivalents. We measured peripheral BP by mercury sphygmomanometry and central BP by tonometry at the carotid artery. We applied multivariable-adjusted regression analysis.ResultsFor peripheral vs. central BP (mmHg) average levels were 126.6 vs. 122.1 systolic and 79.4 vs. 79.6 diastolic, and 95.1 vs. 97.9 and 47.2 vs. 42.5 for mean and pulse pressure, respectively. CRAE and CRVE averaged 153 μm and 219 μm. Effect sizes (μm) for CRAE for 1 − SD increase in peripheral vs. central BP were −3.77 vs. −3.52 systolic, −3.16 vs. −3.13 diastolic, −3.84 vs. −3.64 for mean BP, and −2.07 vs. −1.83 for pulse pressure (p ≤ 0.006). Models that included two BP components demonstrated that CRAE decreased (p ≤ 0.035) with systolic (peripheral vs. central, −2.87 vs. −2.40) and diastolic (−1.58 vs. −1.80) BP. CRAE decreased with mean BP (−3.53 vs. −3.53; p < 0.0001), but not with pulse pressure (p ≥ 0.19). CRVE was not related to any peripheral or central BP component (p ≥ 0.062). All CRAE regression slopes on corresponding peripheral and central BP components were similar (p ≥ 0.28).ConclusionHigher systolic, diastolic and mean BPs were associated with smaller CRAE, regardless of whether BP was measured centrally or peripherally. Central BP does not refine the inverse association of CRAE and CRVE with peripheral BP.     

Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetic patients: results of a sequential intervention with improved metabolic control and ACE inhibitors

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of improved metabolic control and ACE inhibition used sequentially in the treatment of type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. We studied 44 consecutive type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria not previously treated with ACE inhibitors. Improved metabolic control (optimisation period) was attempted for 6–12 months and patients with persistent microalbuminuria were subsequently treated with ACE inhibitors. Stepwise logistic regression analysis included the variables age, age at diabetes onset, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, initial albumin excretion rate (AER) and mean blood pressure as predictors of final AER. Thirty per cent of patients regressed to normoalbuminuria after the optimisation period, and 58% of them maintained normal AER 4.5±1.3 years later (3–7 years). Patients achieving normoalbuminuria had lower baseline AER (53±22 vs. 94±63 mg/24 h, p=0.012). The initial AER level was the only factor associated with final AER (r=0.58, p=0.021). Thirty patients with persistent microalbuminuria were treated with ACE inhibitors for two years, 35.5% of whom regressed to normal AER. Patients achieving normoalbuminuria after ACE inhibitor treatment had lower baseline AER (55±24 vs. 132±75 mg/24 h, p=0.03). The initial AER was the sole predictor of final AER (r=0.51, p<0.013). Overall, the sequential use of improved metabolic control and ACE inhibitor therapy resulted in long-term normalisation of AER in 47.4% of patients. The sequential implementation of improved metabolic control and ACE inhibitor therapy had a long-term beneficial effect in type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. We propose that type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria could benefit from a period of metabolic improvement before the initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy.     

原发性高血压患者尿微量白蛋白与高敏C反应蛋白及脉压

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者尿微量白蛋白与高敏 C 反应蛋白(hsCRP)及脉压(PP)的关系。方法 EH 患者60例根据尿微量白蛋白(MAU)含量分为高血压尿微量白蛋白组(MAU 组,n=30)含量和高血压尿正常白蛋白组(NMAU 组,n=30)及健康对照组30例。测定各组 MAU、hscRP 及 PP 等,并进行比较。结果MAU 组的 hsCRP 及 PP 均高于 NMAU 组及对照组(P 均<0.05),EH 患者 hsCRP(r=0.42,P<0.05)及 PP(r=0.62,P<0.05)与 MAU 均呈正相关(P<0.05)。偏相关分析矫正年龄、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血糖等因素后 hsCRP(r=0.26,P<0.05),PP(r=0.32,P<0.05)仍然保持与尿白蛋白排泄量(UAE)相关。结论合并MAU 的 EH 患者体内 hsCRP 增高,脉压增大,EH 患者肾损害与 hsCRP 及 PP 水平有关。     

Urinary Albumin as a Marker of Future Blood Pressure and Hypertension in the General Population

We investigated whether urinary albumin could predict the development of hypertension and future increases in blood pressure in the normotensive general population.Normotensive subjects who visited our hospital for a physical checkup (n = 6205, men 61.8%, 53.4 ± 11.4 years old) were enrolled in this study. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of albumin concentration, expressed as the ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine concentrations (UACR [mg/g Cr]). After the baseline examination, subjects were followed up for a median of 1089 days with the endpoint being the development of hypertension.Urinary albumin was in the normal range (UACR <30 mg/g Cr) in most subjects (97.5%). During the follow-up, hypertension developed in 1184 subjects (19.1%, 69.5 per 1000 person-years), with more men than women affected. The incidence of hypertension was increased across the quartiles of UACR by Kaplan–Meier analysis (log-rank, P < 0.0001) and the hazard ratio (lowest quartile [median UACR 1.14 mg/g Cr] as reference) was 1.53 (95% confidence intervals 1.30–1.80) in the highest quartile (median UACR 8.87 mg/g Cr). Multivariate Cox hazard analysis in which UACR was taken as a continuous variable identified UACR as a significant predictor of hypertension (hazard ratio 1.37, 95% CI 1.20–1.56). UACR was also an independent predictor of future increases in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01).Urinary albumin is an independent predictor of hypertension and increases in blood pressure in the general population even in the normal range below the threshold defined for microalbuminuria.