高效液相色谱法测定麻氟滴鼻液中两组分的含量

目的建立测定麻氟滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0.025mol／L磷酸二氢钾（加入0．5％三乙胺，用磷酸调节pH值至3．5）-甲醇-乙腈（52：38．4：9．6），流速为0．9mL／min，检测波长为257nm，柱温为40℃。结果盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在100～600μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均回收率为100．54％，RSD=1．0％（n=6）；地塞米松磷酸钠质量浓度在10～60μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均回收率为100．20％，RSD=1．2％（n=6）。结论HPLC法专属性好，操作简便、快速，结果准确，可用于麻氟滴鼻液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定宗胺因片中氯唑沙宗、乙水杨胺和咖啡因的溶出度

目的：建立高效液相色谱法，测定复方制剂宗胺因片的溶出度。方法：照《中国药典》2005年版（二部）溶出度测定第二法，以0．1mol·L^-1盐酸溶液1000mL为溶出介质，转速为100r·min^-1，45min时取样。以高效液相色谱法，C18柱为固定相，以甲醇-水（48：52）为流动相，检测波长：280nm。测定宗胺因片的溶出度。结果：线性范围为氯唑沙宗0．0825～0．742μg（r=0．9999）；乙水杨胺0．165—0.923μg（r=1．0000）；咖啡因0．0263～0．131μg（r=0．9999），平均回收率为氯唑沙宗100．1％（RSD％=0．4％，n=9）；乙水杨胺99．7％（RSD％=0．8％，n=9）；咖啡因99．3％（RSD％=1．2％，n=9）。结论：本方法简便、快速，专属性强。     

HPLC法同时测定复方可待因口服溶液中磷酸可待因、盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸曲普利啶的含量

目的 建立同时测定复方可待因口服溶液中磷酸可待因、盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸曲普利啶3组分含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 采用Hypersil-BDSCN柱，流动相为乙腈-0．4％乙酸铵溶液-三乙胺(30：70: 0．2)，流速为1．0ml／min，检测波长257nm，外标法计算。结果 线性范围分别是磷酸可待因125～l000μg／ml，r=0．9999，盐酸麻黄碱75～600μg／ml，r=0．9996；盐酸曲普利啶18～140μg／ml，r=0．9997。回收率分别为磷酸可待因99．9％、盐酸麻黄碱99．7％、盐酸曲普利啶100．3％。结论 本方法分离效果好，辅料无干扰，快速，简便，适合于该制剂3组分的同时测定。     

痤疮搽剂的制备及质量控制

目的 制备痤疮搽剂并建立痤疮搽剂中各组分的含量测定方法。方法 以75％乙醇为溶剂，将水杨酸、氟霉素、甲硝唑制成搽剂，用紫外分光光度法和联立方程组法测定各组分的含量。结果 水杨酸浓度线性范围是11．25～33．75μg／mL，r=0．9999，平均回收率为101．07％，RSD为0．356％；氟霉素浓度线性范围是4．8～16、8μg／mL,r=0．9998，平均回收率为98．31％，RSD为0．364％；甲硝唑浓度线性范围是2．677～9.370μg／mLr=0．9998，平均回收率为98．38％，RSD为0．331％。结论 该制剂制备方法简便，含量测定方法准确，质量稳定可控。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方己烯雌酚乳膏中己烯雌酚和氯霉素的含量

目的用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方已烯雌酚乳膏中己烯雌酚和氯霉素的含量。方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-水（70：30），流速为0．7mL／min，检测波长为241nm。结果己烯雌酚线性范围是7．5-17．5μg／mL。r=0．9998（n=5），平均回收率为99．95％，RSD为1．35％；氯霉素的线性范围是375-875μg／mL，r=0．9999（n=5），平均回收率为99．87％，RSD为0．58％。结论高效液相色谱法操作简便、灵敏度高．重现性好，可用于复方己烯雌酚乳膏中己烯雌酚和氯霉素的含量测定。     

复方奎宁注射液中盐酸奎宁和咖啡因含量测定方法的改进

目的：改进复方奎宁注射液中盐酸奎宁和咖啡因含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，在C18柱上，以水-乙腈-三乙胺（790：205：5）（用冰醋酸调PH值3．5）为流动相，检测波长为275nm，同时测定复方奎宁注射液中盐酸奎宁和咖啡因的含量。结果：盐酸奎宁在0．546-5．460μg范围内，其峰面积与进样量线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均回收率为100.7％，RSD=0．7％；咖啡因在0．132～1．328μg范围内，其峰面积与进样量线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率为100.3％。RSD=0．8％。结论：建立的方法可同时测定复方奎宁注射液中两种成分的含量，较其原有药品标准方法有较大的改进。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定四维钙片中多种维生素含量

目的对四维钙片中的维生素C（VitC）、维生素B1（vitB1）及维生素B2（VitB2）进行含量测定。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法，使用Zorbax Eclipse XDB—C8柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0．05％乙酸溶液（含0．005mol／L己烷磺酸钠、1．3％三乙胺，用冰醋酸调节pH值至3．5）-甲醇（90：lO），检测波长为254nm。结果VitC，VitB1，，VitB2质量浓度分别在7～60μg／mL，1～10μg／mL，1～10μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r分别为0．9998，0．9997，0．9998（n=8）；平均回收率分别为100．3％，99．1％，98．5％，RSD分别为1．2％．1．5％．1．6％（n=9）。结论该方法准确、简单,能够有效控制制剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用阿莫西林钠氟氯西林钠有关物质和含量

目的：建立注射用阿莫西林钠氟氯西林钠有关物质和含量测定的高效液相色谱法。方法：用辛烷基键合硅胶为填充剂；以2％十六烷基三甲基溴化胺磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈（68：32）为流动相；检测波长为225nm。结果：阿莫西林钠在28～227μg／ml浓度范围内、氟氯西林钠在31～245μg／ml浓度范围内均呈良好线性关系，回归方程分别为Y阿莫西林=139．59X＋819．73和Y氟氯西林=163．84X-4．3537，相关系数分别为r阿莫西林=0．9998，r氟氯西林=0．9999；平均回收率分别为100．2％和99．9％，RSD分别为1．07％和1．20％（n=9）。结论：本法可同时检测制剂中有关物质和两组分含量，简便、快速，结果准确。     

HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四组分含量测定方法。方法：采用Kromas RP-18（150×4．6mm，5um）色谱柱。流动相：0．02mol／L磷酸二氢钾-甲醇-三乙胺（78：22：0．1）用磷酸调节pH至3.5。检测波长：215nm。流速：1．0ml／min。柱温：40℃。结果：复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四组分可可碱、茶碱、盐酸麻黄碱、咖啡因的线性范围分别4为15.1～35．3ug／ml（r=0．9998），15．3～35．6ug／ml（r=0．9999），6．3～14．6ug／ml（r=0．9998），9．4～21.9ug／ml（r=0.9999）。平均回收率分别为99．36％，99．53％，100．0％，99．36％。RSD分别为0．19％，0．20％，0．82％，0．25％（n=9）。结论：本方法简便、准确、重现性好，可作为复方茶碱麻黄碱片的含量测定方法。     

复方茶碱麻黄碱片HPLC测定方法的建立

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片各成分含量。方法：KromasilC18（4．6mm×250mm，5μm）色谱柱；流动相为0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇-三乙胺（77：23：0．2）；检测波长为215nm；柱温为45℃；流速为0．8mL·min^-1。结果：可可碱在15．5～36、1mg·L^-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程Y=112719X＋51638（r=0．99996）；茶碱在15．1～35．1mg·L^-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程Y=106984x＋29631（r=0．9999）；盐酸麻黄碱在4．97～15．9mg·L^-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程Y=31478X＋13426（r=0．9998）；咖啡因在5．01～25．0mg·L^-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程Y=1271846X-8936（r=0．9998）。平均回收率分别为可可碱100．49％、茶碱100．42％、盐酸麻黄碱99．38％、咖啡因99．66％，RSD分别为1．1％、0．7％、0．9％和0．3％。结论：本方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确，可为今后修订该制剂的质量标准提供参考。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.