呼吸体操治疗重度COPD呼气流速受限的临床价值

【目的】探讨呼吸体操方法治疗重度至极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）呼气流速受限的临床价值。【方法】选择稳定期重度至极重度COPD患者40例,随机分为呼吸体操组（A组）20例和无呼吸体操组（B组）20例。在常规治疗的基础上,A组患者给予针对COPD呼气流速受限的呼吸体操8周,B组患者不给予呼吸体操锻炼,分别测定并比较两组8周前后MRC呼吸困难（MRC）评分、最大呼气压力（MEP）、最大吸气压力（MIP）及肺通气功能。【结果】A组呼吸康复后的MRC评分显著低于8周前（P〈0．01）,MEP和MIP显著高于8周前（P〈0．01）,A组8周前后差值与B组8周前后差值比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;A组呼吸康复后最大通气量（MVV）显著高于8周前（P〈0．01）,其他肺功能指标8周前后比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）;A组MVV8周前后差值与B组8周前后差值比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。【结论】呼吸体操能明显改善重度至极重度COPD患者的呼吸困难,增加运动耐力和呼吸肌功能。     

无创正压通气在COPD呼吸衰竭中的应用

【目的】探讨无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺部疾病（COPD）急性加重期呼吸衰竭的疗效。【方法】采用经面罩气道正压通气的方法（吸气压12~20 cmH2O,呼气末压为4~8 cmH2O,呼吸备用频率16~20次/分,吸呼比约为1∶2。治疗36例重度呼吸衰竭患者。【结果】经通气治疗后患者血气指标（pH值PaO2,PaCO2）明显好于通气前（P〈0.05）,症状改善,有效率达69.4%,11例仍需行气管插管机械通气,占30.6%。【结论】无创通气治疗COPD急性加重期效果明显,无严重副作用,且可减少并发症,值得推广应用。     

多元化健康教育对COPD患者疾病认知与呼吸功能锻炼依从性的影响

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas,COPD)患者对疾病认知和呼吸功能锻炼的现状,探讨多元化健康教育对患者疾病认知和呼吸功能锻炼的影响。方法 采用问卷调查法对2013年1月~2013年8月我院呼吸科住院的COPD患者78例。分为实验组42例,对照组36例,实验组运用多元化健康信念模式进行健康教育干预,对照组按常规方式进行健康教育。干预前后对两组患者进行问卷调查测评,了解患者对COPD知识的认知与呼吸功能锻炼依从性的情况。结论 运用多元化健康教育模式对COPD患者进行疾病认知和呼吸功能锻炼的影响具有统计学意义（P<0.01）,有效提高患者对疾病认知和呼吸功能锻炼的依从性,真正达到延缓疾病发展,提高患者生活质量的目的。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者及医生对接种疫苗知晓情况的调查

【目的】了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者及医生对接种疫苗的知晓情况。【方法】对住院的300名COPD患者和诊治呼吸系统疾病的176名内科医生采用调查问卷形式进行调查,并对患者进行接种疫苗啪健康教育,2个月后电话随访全部患者。【结果ICOPD患者的知晓率为37．3％,所住医院级别越低的患者,知晓率越低,且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;医生的知晓率为38．1％,医院级别和职称越低的医生,知晓率均越低,且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;2个月后,经健康教育的COPD患者接种率为10．0％。【结论】邵阳市的cOPD患者和医生对COPD接种疫苗的知识严重缺乏,医务工作者尤其是呼吸专科医师亟待增强自身对cOPD接种疫苗的认识,加强对患者的健康教育。     

噻托溴铵联合舒利迭治疗老年中重度COPD的疗效观察

【目的】探讨噻托溴铵联合舒利迭治疗老年中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD ）的临床疗效。【方法】本院住院的46例老年中重度COPD患者随机分为试验组和对照组,每组23例,患者在COPD常规治疗的基础上分别接受噻托溴铵联合舒利迭治疗（试验组）和单用舒利迭治疗（对照组）,观察并比较两组治疗6个月后的临床症状积分、肺功能和动脉血气分析变化。【结果】两组治疗后临床症状评分均较治疗前显著降低,肺功能、动脉血气分析则明显改善,治疗前后比较差异均有显著性（ P ＜0．05）;治疗后试验组临床症状评分、肺功能和动脉血气分析较对照组改善更为明显,且组间比较差异均有显著性（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】噻托溴铵联合舒利迭治疗老年中重度COPD疗效满意,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

纳洛酮治疗COPD呼吸衰竭疗效分析

目的：评价纳洛酮治疗COPD患者呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法：将78例COPD呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组在抗感染、止咳、化痰、改善通气、使用呼吸兴奋剂等常规治疗基础上，给予纳洛酮0．4mg或0．8mg静脉注射，间隔时间随病情而定，1～2小时不等，共用3～5天；对照组仅给予常规治疗。比较两组的有效率和病死率。结果：治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为89．19％和56．1％，病死率分别为54．1％和19．51％。结论：纳洛酮治疗COPD呼吸衰竭能明显改善症状，提高疗效，降低病死率。     

肺癌合并中度COPD患者肺叶切除术后肺功能变化及围手术期处理

【目的】探讨肺癌合并中度慢性阻塞性肺部疾病（c0PD）患者行肺叶切除手术对其肺功能的影响及围手术期处理措施。【方法】回顾性分析2003年3月至2009年1月在本院治疗的23例肺癌合并中度COPD行肺叶切除的患者,术后给予抗感染、机械辅助通气、纤维支气管镜吸痰、吸氧、平喘及呼吸物理学治疗,比较术前与术后3个月两个时期肺功能情况。【结果】患者术前最大通气量（MW）,第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1％）和动脉氧分压（Pa02）平均值分别为（40．76±4．87）L,（61．9±9．7）％和（76土8）mmHg,术后分别为（39．5±4．24）L,（59．8±8．9）%和（78±7）mmHg,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。用力肺活量（FVC％）略有下降,但差异也无显著性（P〉0．05）。【结论】中度COPD患者仍有一定的肺功能储备,能耐受肺叶切除手术;通过加强围手术期的管理,特别是术后的密切监护以及各种严重心肺并发症的及时处理,可达到满意的手术效果。     

气管插管静脉复合全麻下行上腹部手术术中使用布地奈德雾化治疗对COPD患者呼吸功能的影响

【目的】观察慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者于气管插管静脉复合全麻下行上腹部手术术中使用布地奈德雾化治疗对术中气道压变化及术后呼吸功能恢复情况的影响。【方法】ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级、年龄65～75岁,拟行上腹部手术且患有重度COPD怠者40例,手术时间3～4h,随机分为两组。雾化组（W组）：气管插管后30min进行布地奈德雾化治疗一次;对照组（D组）：术中不做任何雾化治疗。记录两组患者雾化治疗前后气道压的变化、麻醉前后脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO。）的变化以及术后患者呼吸功能恢复情况。【结果】W组在气管插管后30min时气道压有明显降低（P〈0．05）;与D组比较,W组在麻醉苏醒后的Sp02明显高于麻醉前（P〈0．05）,W组术后1h内成功拔除气管导管的病例人数明显增多（P〈0．05）。【结论】COPD患者于气管插管静脉复合全麻下行上腹部手术术中给予布地奈德雾化治疗能降低术中气道峰压,显著改善患者术后的呼吸功能恢复,减少低氧血症的发生。     

重叠综合征患者夜间缺氧状况及无创机械通气的疗效分析

【目的】探讨重叠综合征（OS）患者夜间缺氧状况及无创机械通气的疗效。【方法】对17例OS、20例阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）、19例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者分别进行全夜多导睡眠仪（PSG）检查，并对OS患者进行无创机械通气治疗。【结果】OS患者最低动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2L）显著低于COPD患者（P〈0．01），动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）〈90％累计时间的百分率（SLT9%）显著高于COPD和0SAHS患者（P〈0．01），OS患者行无创机械通气后，夜间缺氧和呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）明显纠正（P〈0．01）。【结论】OS患者夜间缺氧较严重，采用无创机械通气治疗疗效显著。     

多元化、多学科团队式延续健康教育对类风湿性关节炎患者的影响

【目的】探讨多元化、多学科团队式延续健康教育对类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者疾病认知水平及健康行为方式的影响。【方法】将121例在本院治疗出院RA患者随机分为观察组61例和对照组60例,对照组给予常规健康教育,观察组给予多元化、多学科团队合作式延续健康教育。随访6个月,比较两组患者疾病认知水平、健康行为方式及健康教育满意度E【结果】两组均完成随访58例。观察组患者疾病相关知识、康复训练知识、药物治疗、自我监测、心理调节等疾病认知评分明显高于对照组,且差异有显著性(P<0.05)。除遵医用药、心理调节外,观察组患者生活习惯、症状管理、康复训练、定期复查等健康行为方式评分明显高于对照组,且差异有显著性(P<0.05)。观察组患者健康教育满意度为96.55%(56/58),明显高于对照组的84.48%(49/58),且差异有显著性(P<0.05),【结论】多元化、多学科团队式健康教育有助于提高RA患者的疾病认知水平,促进健康行为方式的养成,增强患者满意度。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."