广东海域海产品中总锡石墨炉原子吸收法测定

目的 建立海产品中总锡的石墨炉原子吸收测定法,并对广东省沿海海域海产品中总锡含量进行测定.方法 有代表性采集广东沿海海域17个海区及部分市售海产品,样品经硝酸高压消解,采用氯化钯+磷酸二氢铵为混合基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海产品中总锡.结果 氯化钯+磷酸二氢铵混合基体改进剂能有效提高锡测定的灰化温度和灵敏度,方法线性范围为0～40 μg/L,线性相关系数为0.998,检出限为8.5 ng/g(以湿重计),精密度为3.9%～7.1%,回收率为95.2%～107.6%.在58个海产品中,以湿重计算的总锡含量为27.4～687.3ng/g,平均含量为135.1 ng/g,不同品种海产品中总锡含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,测定结果提示广东沿海海域海产品可能受到不同程度锡类化合物污染.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定植物油中砷

目的:建立检测植物油中砷含量的石墨炉原子吸收光谱方法。方法:样品经微波消化后,采用硝酸镁作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定。结果:方法线性范围为0μg/L～20μg/L,相关系数为0.9997,方法检出限为0.006 mg/kg,RSD为2.7%～3.2%,加标回收率为84.7%～99.0%。结论:本法简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于植物油中砷的测定。     

血中镉的石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定法

目的探讨石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血中镉含量的可行性。方法血样品经5%硝酸酸化,用磷酸二氢铵和硝酸镁作为混合基体改进剂,将灰化温度提高至600℃,石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定。结果对不同含量样品精密度测定,相对标准偏差为3.1%～4.2%,样品回收率可达92.6%～103.5%。结论石墨炉原子吸收法用于血中镉含量的测定,精密度和准确度均符合实验要求,可得到满意结果。     

保健品中砷含量的石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定法

目的建立石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定保健品中砷含量的方法。方法采用微波消解法处理样品,应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定砷。结果测得一次性回归方程为Y=0.0013X+0.00074,相关系数r=0.9991,检出限为0.13μg/L,回收率为93.1%～96.5%,相对标准偏差为1.27%～3.04%。结论石墨炉原子吸收光谱法可用于测定保健品中砷含量。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法直接测定全血中锗

目的:建立石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定全血中锗的方法。方法:样品无需处理,以0.1%Tri-tonX-100/0.2%HNO3(v/v)为稀释液,以0.5 mg/ml硝酸钙为基体改进剂,对血液适当稀释后,直接用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定锗的含量。结果:方法最低检出限(n=10)为0.75 mg/L,线性范围为0μg/L～190μg/L,相对标准偏差0.8%～3.2%,回收率为99.5%～103.6%。结论:方法具有简便、快速、回收率高、精密度高的优点,适用于全血中锗含量的测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用油中铅含量前处理方法比较

目的:比较石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用油中铅的前处理方法。方法:用干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解、酸提取四种前处理方法提取同一食用油样中铅,石墨炉原子吸收法测定其结果。结果:石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅在相应的浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,其相关系数大于0.9990,RSD小于5.0%,干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解、酸提取四种前处理方法提取同一食用油中铅测定回收率分别为84.0%、103.0%、96.0%、80.0%,最低检出限分别为0.003 mg/kg、0.006 mg/kg、0.006 mg/kg、0.0015 mg/kg。结论:四种预处理方法各有其优缺点,均可应用于食用油中铅的检测,但微波消解相对其它三种方法较方便、快速、准确、污染少,还可用于砷、汞等其它元素的同时检测。     

硝酸钯基体改进剂-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铅

目的:建立食盐中痕量铅的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法。方法:采用硝酸钯作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,标准加入法定量。结果:该方法的检出限为0.1 mg/kg,精密度为2.45%～5.21%,回收率为85.2%～105.4%。结论:本法为一种理想的食盐中痕量铅的测定方法。     

用基体改进剂的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法快速测定水中痕量砷

目的 :建立直接测定水中砷的石墨炉原子吸收法。方法 :将水样中加入适量氯化钯 ,在一定波长、灰化、原子化温度下 ,直接进样测定。无需富集和萃取 ,亦无需将样品中的砷转化为砷化氢。结果 :砷含量在 0 0 0 5～ 0 2 0 0mg/L呈线性关系 ,相关系数为 0 9996 ,回收率为 95 0 %～ 10 5 0 % ,相对标准偏差 4 0 %～ 7 5 % ,最低检出浓度为 0 0 0 5mg/L。结论 :与银盐法、氢化物发生 -原子吸收法比较 ,具有操作简便、快速、适合批量样品分析等优点     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定茶叶中的铅

目的建立茶叶中铅的检测方法。方法样品经湿式消解或微波消解后,定容到一定体积,用石墨炉原子吸收法直接检测,并用磷酸二氢铵或氯化钯基体改进剂进行检测。结果石墨炉原子吸收法直接检测准确度低,以氯化钯为基体改进剂测定准确度高,效果较好,均值为4.5mg/kg,实际样品测定中回收率为95%～108%,RSD为2.8%～5.3%。结论以氯化钯为基体改进剂的石墨炉原子吸收法进行茶叶中铅的检测,准确灵敏,回收率好。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定口服液中微量砷

用石墨炉原子吸收法测定口服液中砷含量，方法简便，仪器简单，精密度高，实用性强。     

重庆涪陵区猪肉中砷铜检测

目的了解涪陵地区猪肉及肝脏中砷、铜污染现状。方法采用随机采样方法,分别采集大木乡农户自养猪（土猪）及其肝脏各30件样品;另选择城区某屠场饲料猪肉（饲料猪）和肝脏各30件样品;分别用氢化物-原子荧光及原子吸收分光光度法测定总砷和铜含量。结果土猪猪肉总砷、铜含量分别为0.004 3~0.083 mg/kg、1.09~3.05 mg/kg;土猪猪肝总砷、铜含量分别为0.005 2~0.12 mg/kg、3.08~6.91 mg/kg;饲料猪猪肉总砷、铜含量分别为0.020~0.16 mg/kg、2.94~4.59 mg/kg;饲料猪猪肝总砷、铜含量分别为0.026~0.31 mg/kg、5.08~12.05 mg/kg。结论土猪猪肉、猪肝中总砷、铜含量均低于饲料猪,土猪、饲料猪猪肉总砷、铜含量均低于猪肝。     

Determination of total arsenic in environmental samples from Kumasi and Obuasi, Ghana.

The total arsenic content of some Ghana food and cash crops from Kumasi and Obuasi farms and markets was determined. Quantitative analysis of arsenic was also conducted on vegetation, cooked food obtained from some homes, local fish, and meat, as well as some soil and water samples. In all, 266 samples were examined. Values for Kumasi samples ranged from 0.07 to 7.20 mg/kg arsenic, whereas those for Obuasi ranged from 0.12 to 70.50 mg/kg, confirming that arsenic levels for Obuasi are much higher than those for Kumasi.     

2012年广东省市售大米镉含量调查及初步膳食暴露评估

目的了解广东省市售大米镉含量水平,并对广东省居民来源于大米的镉膳食暴露情况进行初步评估。方法于2012年按照简单随机抽样方法确定样本量,采样范围覆盖全省21个地级市和顺德区,每个地市（区）采集30～50份大米,其中每个地市（区）的采样点包括1个中心城区、2个具有代表性的县城区及其下属各1～2个乡镇,每个采样点在市场、超市、商店、专卖店中随机选择2个以上经营单位采集样品;采集的大米样品依据GB/T 5009.15—2003《食品中镉的测定》方法测定镉含量;采用2002年广东省居民膳食营养与健康状况监测的大米消费量数据,分别计算不同年龄和性别人群对大米的一般消费（P50）和高消费（P97.5）水平下镉的膳食暴露情况。结果共采集广东省各地区市售大米样本1 060份,其镉含量范围为0.000 5～2.100 0 mg/kg,中位数为0.078 0 mg/kg,其中48份大米镉含量超过国家标准（0.2 mg/kg）,总体超标率为4.5%;大米镉含量的中位数和超标率在22个地级市（区）间差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,以粤北韶关地区的大米镉含量最高,其中位数为0.188 0 mg/kg,超标率为42.0%（21/50）;城市和农村的大米镉含量中位数分别为0.075 0和0.083 0 mg/kg,城乡间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对于大米一般消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为9.68 kg）人群,其来自大米的镉膳食平均暴露量是12.59μg/（kg·bw）,为暂定每月耐受摄入量[PTMI,25μg/（kg·bw）]的0.50倍,但2～7岁年龄组人群大米镉暴露量则超出PTMI,达到26.07μg/（kg·bw）;对大米高消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为17.95 kg）而言,其平均镉膳食暴露量为23.34g/（kg·bw）,为PTMI的0.93倍。结论 2012年广东省流通市场的市售大米镉含量总体不高,但有一定比例的超标率（4.5%）,个别地区大米镉超标比较严重。从总体上看,广东省居民来源于大米的镉摄入水平是安全的,但需要关注少年儿童和大米高消费人群的潜在风险。     

Inorganic arsenic speciation in soil and groundwater near in-service chromated copper arsenate-treated wood poles

The environmental impact of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated utility poles is linked to the possible soil and groundwater contamination with arsenic. The objective of the present study was to determine the arsenic speciation in soil and groundwater near in-service CCA-treated poles. Arsenite (As[III]) and arsenate (As[V]) concentrations were determined in 29 surface and subsurface soil samples collected near eight CCA-treated wood poles. Temporal variability of total arsenic concentrations and inorganic arsenic speciation was also assessed in groundwater at two sites through four sampling events over a 19-month period. Arsenic speciation was carried out by a solvent extraction method using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-methyl isobutyl ketone, and total arsenic was quantified by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry/hydride generation. Average arsenic concentrations in surface soils immediately adjacent to utility poles ranged from 153+/-49 to 410+/-150 mg/kg but approached background levels (below 5 mg/kg) within 0.50 m from the poles. A positive correlation was found between surface soil As concentration and total Fe content. In subsurface samples (0.50 m), arsenic levels were generally high in sandy soils (up to 223+/-32 mg/kg), moderate in clayey soils (up to 126+/-26 mg/kg), and relatively lower in organic soils (up to 56+/-24 mg/ kg). Arsenic(V) was the predominant arsenic species in surface (>78%) and subsurface soils (>66%). Total arsenic concentrations in groundwater below the clayey site were high and varied widely over time (79-390 microg/L), with 30 to 68% as As(III). Below the utility pole located on the organic site with a high Fe content, lower total arsenic levels (12-33 microg/L) were found, with As(III) ranging from 0 to 100%.     

Arsenic levels in blood, urine, and hair of workers applying monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)

Uptake and excretion of total arsenic from monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) in workers who applied the herbicide was followed during the spraying season. Urine, blood, and hair samples were collected and air samples were taken from the workers' breathing zone. Arsenic concentrations in air samples ranged from 0.001-1.086 micrograms/m3. Blood and urine arsenic values ranged from 0.0-0.2 mg/L and 0.002-1.725 mg/L, respectively. The geometric mean arsenic concentration in urine increased during the week but returned to base levels on weekends. Hair arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.02-358.0 mg/kg, increased during the spraying season, and returned to pre-season levels once herbicide application ceased. Three workers had higher than normal pre-exposure hair values. However, only one of the three workers had consistently above normal values throughout the study period.     

Total Mercury,Methylmercury, Inorganic Arsenic and Other Elements in Meat from Minke Whale (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</Emphasis>) from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Meat samples of 84 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) mainly from the Barents Sea, collected between 1 May and 16 August 2011, were analyzed for total mercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and selenium. The average total mercury concentration found was 0.15?±?0.09 mg/kg, with a range from 0.05 to 0.49 mg/kg. The molar ratio of selenium to mercury varied between 1.0 and 10.3. Cadmium content ranged from 0.002 to 0.036 mg/kg, while the content of lead in whale meat ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg/kg. None of the whale samples exceeded established EU maximum levels for metals in fish muscle, but 4.8% and 6.8% of the samples exceeded Japanese maximum levels for total mercury and methylmercury, respectively, in whale meat. There was only minor variations in element concentrations between whales from different geographical areas, and cadmium was the only element were the concentration increased with increasing length.     

婴幼儿配方食品中总砷和总汞的检测与分析

目的通过对19个生产厂家35种婴幼儿配方食品中的总砷、总汞进行检测,分析其产生的危害及原因,并总结出有效的预防措施。方法样品分别采用湿法消解和介质辅助微波消解进行前处理,氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定砷、汞含量。结果35种婴幼儿配方食品中1件奶粉汞的浓度为0．03mg／kg,超出了国家标准限值0．02mg／kg。结论应严格控制婴幼儿配方食品的质量安全,并以有效的措施保障婴幼儿的身体健康。     

对全国市售食盐和居民户食用盐的调查

为了更好地监测和控制市售食盐和居民用盐中碘的质量，在ＩＬＳＩ的支持下，对全国１１个省市自治区的３５个盐厂、盐库、盐业公司出品的９１份市售食盐和全国２５个省市自治区１６５个城乡的５３１个居民户食用盐进行了抽样检测，食盐碘含量测定选用砷铈接触法。调查结果发现市售食盐和居民户食盐碘含量分别分布在３．０～１００．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，０．０～９０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，合格率分别为７１．４％和７３．４％。９．９％市售食盐和１３．４％的居民食用盐碘含量低于国家标准，另有１８．７％的市售食盐和１３．２％的居民户食盐碘含量过高。粗盐中低碘／无碘食盐的比例为５７．１％。     

The occurrence of arsenc in the environment and food

The main source of air and soil contamination with arsenic compounds is mining industry of coal and oil as well as mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. The cases of long-drawn arsenism were observed among inhabitants of regions where such industry is well developed. The long term, regular exposure to arsenic compounds both food and inhalation manifests in skin lesion and troubles in functioning of blood, neural and breathing systems. The purpose of this study is the latest literature review concerning contamination of air, soil and potable water with arsenic. The content of arsenic in the comestible produce varies and depends on kind ant origin of the produce. The biggest amount of arsenic in the daily ration came from potable water. The determined amount of arsenic ranged within 1 -5300 microg/L comes from countries where earth water is used as drinking water, which means that allowable contents specified by FAO/WHO experts is exceeded more than one hundred times. The common inhabitant of developing countries consumes 400-650 g of rice weekly. The average contamination of rice with arsenic is 0.57-0.69 mg/kg, which means the intake of this element on the level 30%-45% PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake). The relatively small arsenic contents is characteristic for vegetables and fruits (<0.1 mg/kg), higher amount is observed in leaf vegetables (up to 0.6 mg/kg) and potatoes (0.86 mg/kg). The similarly low arsenic contents (<0.1 mg/kg) is characteristic for the meat produce. Among animal produce the largest quantity of arsenic is determined in fish and seafood (1.5-11.2 mg/kg). The introduction of EU regulations in Poland resulted in resignation of the arsenic contents limitation in food, however the continues monitoring of the contamination level with arsenic compounds is necessary, particularly in the industrial areas of the country.