神经电生理联合MRI在尺神经卡压综合征诊疗中的应用

目的 探讨神经电生理联合MRI在尺神经卡压综合征中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析470例尺神经卡压综合征病人的临床资料,均采用尺神经显微减压术治疗.病人手术前后进行神经电生理及MRI检查,检测并分析不同时间点病侧、健侧的感觉传导速度(sensory conduction velocity,SCV)、运动传导速度(movement conduction velocity,MCV)和尺神经横截面积(cross sectional area,CSA).采用MRI观察健侧和病侧尺神经结构.结果 健侧和术前病侧的MCV、SCV、CSA差异均具有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05).术前和术后4周病侧的MCV、SCV、CSA差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).MCV与CSA呈负相关(r=-0.813),SCV与CSA呈负相关(r=-0.844).MRI显示:受损尺神经明显肿胀,神经呈现高低不等的信号,肿胀部位(内上髁沟、尺侧腕屈肌)明显受到旋前圆肌、指浅屈肌、肘管、屈肌总腱等组织卡压.结论 神经电生理适用于早期诊断尺神经卡压综合征,MRI适用于制定手术方案,两者联合有助于评价手术效果,提高手术疗效.     

尺神经前置动物模型的建立及其神经生化研究

目的 建立尺神经前置的动物模型并从分子水平上评价尺神经前置的安全性.方法 取健康成年SD大鼠20只,建立右前肢尺神经前置模型,左侧(非手术侧)作为自身对照,术后1个月处死大鼠,取双侧尺侧腕屈肌称重及下颈段脊髓(C_6～T_1)切片,通过Nissl染色、还原型辅酶Ⅱ-黄递酶(NADPH-d)组织化学染色、植物凝集素(IB4)染色、胆碱乙酰基转移酶(CHAT)免疫组织化学染色观察颈髓前角、后角神经元的形态,电镜观察颈髓前角ChAT免疫阳性运动神经元的超微结构.结果 与对照侧[(93.2±7.29)mg]比较,大鼠尺神经前置侧尺侧腕屈肌质量[(92.3±9.13)mg]无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(t=0.910,P=0.378);Niss1染色、NADPH-d、IB4、ChAT免疫组织化学染色结果均显示大鼠尺神经前置侧和对照侧相比较细胞形态无明显改变,阳性细胞数量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);电镜结果显示颈髓前角ChAT免疫阳性运动神经元的超微结构无明显改变.结论 动物实验基础上尺神经前置术是安全的.     

48例肘管综合征临床分析

目的 探讨肘管综合征(CuTS)患者的临床及神经电生理特点.方法 总结46例CuTS患者患侧(患者组)与健侧(对照组)相关的临床及神经电生理资料进行分析比较. 结果尺神经运动传导速度肘上-肘下段为(33.56±8.61) m/s,动作电位潜伏期较对照组延长,波幅降低,感觉神经传导速度为(37.34±8.57) m/s,感觉电位潜伏期较对照组延长,波幅降低,其间的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).患者组1例未引出运动诱发的动作电位波形,4例未引出感觉诱发的动作电位波形.结论 肘管综合征应早诊断、早治疗;而神经电生理检测为诊断肘管综合征的可靠手段,可早期确诊及准确定位尺神经受损部位及损伤程度.     

不同类型前置术治疗尺神经肘管卡压综合征

目的 对比不同类型前置术治疗尺神经肘管卡压综合征的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析278例尺神经肘管卡压综合征病人的临床资料,按McGowan法分级后,随机行尺神经皮下前置术(皮下前置术)139例,"Z"字形改良肌下前置术(肌下前置术)139例.检测尺神经横截面积(CSA)、神经运动传导速度(MCV),感觉传导速度(SCV )、神经干动作电位(NAP)变化,比较两种术式的疗效.结果 McGowan Ⅰ级病人,术后 CSA,MCV,SCV,NAP均较术前明显改善(P <0.05),但两种术式间各参数和术后优良率差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05).McGowan Ⅱ,Ⅲ级病人术后CSA,MCV,SCV,NAP均较术前明显改善(P<0.05),且两种术式间各参数和术后优良率差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05).结论 皮下前置术适于尺神经肘管卡压综合征McGowan Ⅰ级病人,而肌下前置术更适用于McGowan Ⅱ,Ⅲ级病人.     

皮下前置术与肌下前置术治疗透析相关尺神经卡压综合征的对比研究

目的对比尺神经皮下前置术与肌下前置术治疗透析相关尺神经卡压综合征的疗效。方法收集37例60侧透析相关尺神经卡压综合征病人,采用随机数字表法,随机分为皮下前置组(采用皮下前置术)和肌下前置组(采用Z字形肌下前置术),每组30侧。对比两组的手术疗效、手术时间、制动时间、手术并发症发生率等情况。结果术后随访6～12个月,皮下前置组术后尺神经功能优良率为86.7%,肌下前置组为83.3%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。皮下前置组的手术时间、制动时间均显著短于肌下前置组,皮下血肿发生率少于肌下前置组(P 0.05)。两组伤口愈合不良发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于透析相关尺神经卡压综合征病人,皮下前置与肌下前置术均可获满意疗效。皮下前置手术操作简单、并发症少、手术时间短,优势明显。     

单纯尺神经肘部卡压与糖尿病尺神经肘部病变手术操作的差 异简

目的探讨单纯尺神经肘部卡压和糖尿病尺神经肘部病变手术操作的差异。方法回顾性分析43例尺神经肘部卡压病人的临床资料，单纯尺神经肘部卡压（单纯卡压组）31例（单侧病变27例，双侧病变4例），糖尿病尺神经肘部病变（糖尿病组）12例（单侧病变2例，双侧病变10例），均行肘部尺神经显微减压术。结果单纯卡压组症状缓解28例，无效3例。缓解率90．3％；糖尿病组症状缓解11例，无效1例，缓解率91．7％。无严重并发症。结论单纯尺神经肘部卡压手术操作重点是解除机械性卡压，将尺神经从周围的瘢痕组织中游离出来。糖尿病尺神经肘部病变手术操作重点是清除肘管内外渗出物．游离肘部尺神经与周围组织间的黏连。     

神经电生理检测在肘管综合征中的应用

目的:探讨神经电生理检测在肘管综合征(CuTS)中的临床应用价值.方法:总结86例(88侧)CuTS患者(患者组)的临床神经电生理资料,并与30例(60侧)正常人(对照组)相关的电生理数据进行分析比较.结果:患者组共有19侧肢体在尺神经运动传导检测时未引出波形,有36侧肢体在尺神经感觉传导检测时未引出波形.尺神经运动传导速度肘上至肘下段为(34.56±6.27) m/s,复合肌肉动作电位潜伏期较对照组延长、波幅降低,感觉神经传导速度为(40.72±6.54)m/s,与对照组比较,差异均有极显著意义(P＜0.01).结论:神经电生理检测为诊断CuTS的可靠手段,可早期确诊及精确定位尺神经受损的部位及损伤程度.为提高其敏感性及定位的准确性,在电生理检查方法上还需进一步探讨.     

肘关节骨性关节炎合并尺神经卡压综合征临床分析

目的 报告一组继发于肘关节骨性关节炎的尺神经卡压综合征的诊治经验.方法 对56例骨性关节炎合并尺神经卡压综合征患者的临床资料和术中所见进行研究分析.结果 49例肘管弓状韧带存在肥厚增生,占本组病例的87.5%;56例均发现尺神经沟骨性增生、骨赘形成及关节囊肥厚,卡压尺神经.48例术前进行肌电图检查,均发现不同程度的尺神经损害.结论 肘部的反复轻微创伤及慢性劳损可以导致肘关节骨性关节炎,引起尺神经卡压磨损,多见于重体力劳动者.治疗可采用保守和积极手术的方法,如果出现手部功能的减退,应高度可疑有继发尺神经卡压的可能,一旦确诊,手术治疗要持积极的态度.     

尺神经肘段卡压的早期诊断和综合治疗

尺神经肘段卡压是较常见的周围神经卡压性疾病，发病率仅次于正中神经腕部卡压。由于该病临床表现不易引起重视，故早期诊断较困难。尺神经肘段卡压的治疗方法多样，包括保守治疗和手术治疗，手术治疗又有多种术式可供术者根据病人情况选择，现就尺神经肘段卡压的早期诊断和综合治疗作一综述。     

尺神经血液供应神经前置的解剖学研究

目的研究肘部尺神经的伴行供养血管,尺侧上副动脉灌注尺神经的长度,肘部前内侧深筋膜血供情况,为临床带血供尺神经深筋膜瓣下前置术治疗肘管综合征提供理论支持。方法解剖20具无外伤、无畸形的福尔马林防腐固定成人尸体手标本及5具无外伤、无畸形的成人新鲜尸体,对肘管结构进行观察,观察肘部尺神经分支及其血供,测量对尺神经血液供应的血管与神经伴行长度及垂直距离。并将红色乳胶经新鲜尸体的手标本动脉中灌注,模拟尺神经松解前置术对新鲜标本进行手术操作,测量尺神经可前置的最大距离。深筋膜动脉采肘动脉灌注墨汁和尺神经级织切片的方法观察尺侧上副动脉对尺神经内部血供营养的长度。结果 (1)尺神经外部血供观察:尺神经的营养血管腋部、内侧肌间隔后方、尺神经沟、前臂部主要由尺侧上副动脉、尺侧返动脉后支及尺侧下副动脉供应。三支动脉与尺神经伴行长度分别为15.0cm、5.0cm和5.5cm,起点距肱骨内上髁的距离分别为15.5cm、6.0cm和5.5cm。(2)尺侧上副动脉对尺神经内部血供营养范围:自尺侧上副动脉灌注墨汁后,20例标本中有5侧上肢尺神经由腋部到腕部全长墨染,分别于腕部、手背支、腋部,神经外膜上纵行血管网清晰可见。结论行尺神经深筋膜瓣下前置术时至少应保留尺侧上副动脉或尺侧下副动脉。应依据任意皮瓣原则进行深筋膜瓣的制作。     

术中神经电生理监测和刺激尺神经治疗肘管综合征

目的 评估尺神经松解前置术结合术中超强电刺激治疗肘管综合征的治疗效果.方法 30例中重度肘管综合征患者首先进行尺神经松解前置术,测定并记录松解后小指展肌复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)的潜伏期及波幅;然后给予尺神经超强电刺激治疗(80 mA,2Hz,10 min),按照同样的方法再次记录小指展肌CMAP的潜伏期及波幅,并将刺激前后的数据进行统计学分析.结果 患者尺神经外膜松解后与超强电刺激后小指展肌CMAP的波幅分别为(2.5±0.4) mV和(6.2±0.8)mV,潜伏期分别为(12.0±0.6)ms和(10.3±0.3)ms,经比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).超强电刺激后小指展肌CMAP的潜伏期较前平均缩短15.7％,波幅平均增大约2倍.结论 术中超强电刺激对肘管综合征患者的尺神经功能恢复具有辅助治疗作用.     

The cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis and precise localization

The cubital tunnel syndrome is a subgroup of ulnar neuropathies arising at the elbow, with nerve entrapment under the aponeurosis connecting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. To separate this condition more clearly from tardy ulnar palsy, the clinical and electrophysiological features of 9 patients are presented, 6 of whom had the syndrome bilaterally. There was no history of trauma and no clinical or roentgenographic evidence of joint deformity in any of the patients. In 9 of the 15 ulnar nerves, abnormal conduction was localized to the level of the cubital tunnel (1.5 to 3.5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle). The findings were confirmed intraoperatively in 7 patients and corresponded to a tight band compressing the ulnar nerve and causing narrowing at the cubital tunnel with swelling proximally. This syndrome represents a common and distinct subgroup of ulnar neuropathies at the elbow.     

Variations in anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel: pitfalls in the diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Two processes account for most instances of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: compression in the retroepicondylar groove, and compression by the humeroulnar aponeurotic arcade joining the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. While conventional electrodiagnostic criteria may localize an ulnar neuropathy to the elbow, separating retroepicondylar compression from humeroulnar arcade compression is more difficult. In 130 cadaver elbows, we examined the relationships between the medial epicondyle, flexor carpi ulnaris, and ulnar nerve. The humeroulnar arcade lay from 3 to 20 mm distal to the medial epicondyle, the intramuscular course of the nerve through the flexor carpi ulnaris ranged from 18 to 70 mm, and the nerve exited the flexor carpi ulnaris 28 to 69 mm distal to the medial epicondyle. In 6 specimens, dense fibrous bands bridged directly between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon proximal to the cubital tunnel proper; accessory epitrochleoanconeus muscles were present in 14 specimens: both may cause ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Anatomical variations may contribute to the difficulty in separating causes of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.     

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Double Crush Syndrome of the Ulnar Nerve by the Anconeus Epitrochlearis and a Ganglion

Double compression of the ulnar nerve, including Guyon''s canal syndrome associated with cubital tunnel syndrome caused by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, is a very rare condition. We present a case of double crush syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the wrist and elbow in a 55-year-old man, as well as a brief review of the literature. Although electrodiagnostic findings were consistent with an ulnar nerve lesion only at the elbow, ultrasonography revealed a ganglion compressing the ulnar nerve at the hypothenar area and the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle lying in the cubital tunnel. Careful physical examination and ultrasound assessment of the elbow and wrist confirmed the clinical diagnosis prior to surgery.     

Ultrasonographic measurements in cubital tunnel syndrome

The cubital tunnel is the most common site of ulnar nerve entrapment. Previous ultrasound studies have demonstrated enlargement of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel syndrome but did not report on the cubital tunnel itself. Twenty-two individuals with cubital tunnel syndrome were evaluated with nerve conduction studies and ultrasound. The ultrasound measurement that most strongly correlated with conduction velocity was the ratio of ulnar nerve to cubital tunnel cross-sectional area with the elbow flexed. Measurement of this ratio may improve the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in cubital tunnel syndrome, although further investigation is needed.     

Applied anatomical study of the vascularized ulnar nerve and its blood supply for cubital tunnel syndrome at the elbow region

Cubital tunnel syndrome is often accompanied by paresthesia in ulnar nerve sites and hand muscle atrophy. When muscle weakness occurs, or after failure of more conservative treatments, anterior transposition is used. In the present study, the ulnar nerve and its blood vessels were examined in the elbows of 18 adult cadavers, and the external diameter of the nutrient vessels of the ulnar nerve at the point of origin, the distances between the origin of the vessels and the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and the length of the vessels accompanying the ulnar nerve in the superior ulnar collateral artery, the inferior ulnar collateral artery, and the posterior ulnar recurrent artery were measured. Anterior transposition of the vascularized ulnar nerve was performed to treat cubital tunnel syndrome. The most appropriate distance that the vascularized ulnar nerve can be moved to the subcutaneous tissue under tension-free conditions was 1.8 ± 0.6 cm(1.1–2.5 cm), which can be used as a reference value during the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome with anterior transposition of the vascularized ulnar nerve.     

A reliable technique for ultrasound‐guided perineural injection in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

Introduction: Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) is a common peripheral compression neuropathy and, in most cases, occurs at 2 sites, the retroepicondylar groove or the cubital tunnel. With regard to a potential therapeutic approach with perineural corticosteroid injection, the aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of injection fluid applied at a standard site. Methods: We performed ultrasound‐guided (US‐guided) perineural injections to the ulnar nerve halfway between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle in 21 upper limbs from 11 non‐embalmed cadavers. In anatomic dissection we investigated the spread of injected ink. Results: Ink was successfully injected into the perineural sheath of the ulnar nerve in all 21 cases (cubital tunnel: 21 of 21; retroepicondylar groove: 19 of 21). Conclusion: US‐guided injection between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle is a feasible and safe method to reach the most common sites of ulnar nerve entrapment. Muscle Nerve 56 : 237–241, 2017     

Anterior subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve improves neurological function in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome

Although several surgical procedures exist for treating cubital tunnel syndrome, the best surgical option remains controversial. To evaluate the efficacy of anterior subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve in patients with moderate to severe cubital tunnel syndrome and to analyze prognostic factors, we retrospectively reviewed 62 patients(65 elbows) diagnosed with cubital tunnel syndrome who underwent anterior subcutaneous transposition. Preoperatively, the initial severity of the disease was evaluated using the Mc Gowan scale as modified by Goldberg: 18 patients(28%) had grade IIA neuropathy, 20(31%) had grade IIB, and 27(42%) had grade III. Postoperatively, according to the Wilson Krout criteria, treatment outcomes were excellent in 38 patients(58%), good in 16(25%), fair in 7(11%), and poor in 4(6%), with an excellent and good rate of 83%. A negative correlation was found between the preoperative Mc Gowan grade and the postoperative Wilson Krout score. The patients having fair and poor treatment outcomes had more advanced age, lower nerve conduction velocity, and lower action potential amplitude compared with those having excellent and good treatment outcomes. These results suggest that anterior subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve is effective and safe for the treatment of moderate to severe cubital tunnel syndrome, and initial severity, advancing age, and electrophysiological parameters can affect treatment outcome.