正电子示踪剂在动脉粥样硬化易损斑块评价中的应用研究

动脉粥样硬化（AS）易损斑块糜烂及破裂是引起急性心脑血管疾病的主要原因之一,早期发现对于有效预防和管理心肌梗死和脑卒中等危及生命的心血管事件至关重要。正电子发射体层成像（PET）可无创地监测与AS相关的生物过程,放射性示踪剂能够从炎症、微钙化、缺氧、新生血管生成、淀粉样变、趋化因子受体等多方面反映病变发生机制,对诊断斑块性质有很好的应用前景。就各类新型正电子放射性示踪剂用于PET探测AS易损斑块的作用及价值予以综述。     

多示踪剂PET/PET-CT显像在肺癌诊断中的价值

肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期诊断对病人预后及治疗方案的选择至关重要。PET-CT目前已成为评价肺癌病人的重要影像检查方法,最常用的示踪剂为FDG。但FDGPET-CT对于葡萄糖摄取低的肿瘤容易导致假阴性诊断,而在伴有感染性病变的病人则易导致假阳性诊断。近年来,新型的PET示踪剂已广泛应用于临床,有效弥补了FDGPET-CT对肺癌评价的不足。对多种示踪剂PET/PET-CT在肺癌诊断和鉴别诊断方面的价值作一综述。     

多示踪剂PET/PET-CT 显像在肺癌诊断中的价值

肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期诊断对病人预后及治疗方案的选择至关重要.PET-CT 目前已成为评价肺癌病人的重要影像检查方法,最常用的示踪剂为FDG.但FDG PET-CT 对于葡萄糖摄取低的肿瘤容易导致假阴性诊断,而在伴有感染性病变的病人则易导致假阳性诊断.近年来,新型的PET 示踪剂已广泛应用于临床,有效弥补了FDG PET-CT 对肺癌评价的不足.对多种示踪剂PET/PET-CT 在肺癌诊断和鉴别诊断方面的价值作一综述.     

PET-CT在肿瘤临床中的应用

PET/CT是将采用正电子放射性示踪剂成像的PET功能与利用成像的CT功能有机结合在一起，使用同一检查和同一图象处理工作站进行全身检查的一体化设备。该设备正成为肿瘤、脑部疾病和心肌活力等检查和指导治疗的重要手段，特别是在肿瘤的诊断、复发、转移判断及治疗方式的选择上均有重要的临床价值，本文拟对此作一简单介绍。     

去势抵抗前列腺癌的骨转移:CT形态学类型、PET糖酵解活性和雄激素受体表达与总存活的相关性

正摘要目的对照骨转移的CT特征与18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)正电子发射体层成像(PET)和氟18-16β-氟-5双氢睾酮(FDHT)PET示踪剂的摄取,并与患有去势抵抗前列腺     

蛋白激酶小分子抑制剂PET显像研究进展及其在胰腺癌诊断中的应用前景

胰腺癌为消化道较常见的恶性肿瘤。针对胰腺癌特异性诊断探针和靶向治疗的药物研究包括抗体、亲和体、多肽以及小分子化合物抑制剂,其中针对蛋白激酶的小分子抑制剂的研究备受关注。笔者综述了这一方向的PET示踪剂的研究进展,其中H-89作为异喹啉磺酰基类小分子化合物,可能是最好的胰腺癌蛋白激酶小分子抑制剂之一,用正电子核素标记后,可能成为较有潜力的胰腺癌PET示踪剂。     

RSNA2015分子影像学

RSNA2015报道的分子影像学研究进展主要包括以下几个方面:①靶向特异性分子探针及复合分子探针的研发和应用:如靶向特异性超顺磁氧化铁纳米探针,放射性核素示踪剂免疫,复合超声微泡对比剂及光学对比剂等,应用于肿瘤血管靶向显像,肿瘤诊断、治疗疗效评估及肿瘤淋巴结转移等.③新型的放射学分子成像方法:如磁性粒子成像,磁共振波谱成像及化学交换饱和转移成像等.③多模态或多参数分子显像:MRI、PET、SPECT、超声及光学分子成像技术中两种或多种技术的结合.④干细胞追踪及显像.     

乳腺癌放射性核素分子成像研究进展

随着新型特异性显像剂和成像设备的出现,乳腺癌分子成像技术得以快速发展。乳腺癌放射性核素分子成像技术主要包括单光子发射体层成像(SPECT)、正电子发射体层成像(PET)、PET/CT以及正电子发射乳腺成像(PEM)。显像剂包括临床应用最广泛的正电子示踪剂18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)、用于研究肿瘤细胞增殖显像的5-18F-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)及3-脱氧-3-氟胸腺嘧啶(FLT)、通过肿瘤氨基酸代谢显像的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)类,还包括受体类的靶向显像剂如雌激素受体相关的16α-[18F]-17β-雌二醇(FES)、放射性标记的人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)及表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)等。目前用于乳腺显像的PEM技术对乳腺癌的早期诊断及疗效预测效果显著,就乳腺癌放射性核素分子成像技术的研究进展予以综述。     

PET在肾上腺肿瘤中的应用

随着常规影像学诊断技术在临床上的广泛应用,肾上腺肿瘤的发现越来越多,但常规影像检查难以对所有肾上腺肿瘤做出准确定性诊断.PET是新兴的功能成像手段,对肾上腺良、恶性肿瘤鉴别的准确性高,在临床中的应用日益增多,而且PET示踪剂的迅速发展也提高了其临床应用价值.     

PET/CT测量肝动脉和门静脉血流量方法学进展

肝脏纤维化进展和恶性病变发生时病灶组织肝动脉和门静脉血流量会发生明显改变,测量肝组织血流量对于检测肝脏组织病变进展和监测治疗效果具有重要的价值。PET/CT是将PET与CT有机结合在一起进行解剖、功能和分子成像的先进成像设备。采用PET/CT和正电子核素示踪剂能够无创、精准获得肝脏组织总血流量,以及肝动脉、门静脉所占的血流量比例。特别是采用动脉输入图像派生法替代传统采集动脉血样的方法后,使得测量肝脏血流量的方法更加简便,因此该方法广泛应用于临床前期研究和临床研究。就无创PET/CT分子成像设备测量肝脏总血流量以及肝动脉、门静脉血流量的方法和应用进展予以介绍。     

18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖和11C-胆碱在孤立性肺结节诊断中的应用

^18F-．氟脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）和^11C-胆碱（^11C-choline）在孤立性肺结节（SPN）的定性诊断方面各有优势，两者联用可以互相弥补不足，效果较好。^18F-FDG对恶性SPN以及淋巴结转移判断的敏感性和特异性较高，^11C-胆碱可以降低炎性病变的假阳性率，有利于恶性SPN脑转移的诊断。但^11C-胆碱PET和^18F-FDGPET一样无法显示细支气管肺泡癌、小细胞肺癌等代谢较低的SPN。有报道，^18F-氟脱氧胸苷（^18F-FLT）可用于对肿瘤进行良恶性鉴别、疗效评估和预后判断，被认为是一种具有良好应用前景的PET显像剂。     

The role of PET in head and neck cancer

PET and PET/CT are the procedures of choice for molecular imaging in the head and neck area. The current data of the literature show, that functional imaging with fluorine-18-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) provides the possibility to obtain information about the viability of malignant lesions. The use of hybrid systems, PET/CT, enables physicians to assess both, morphology and function, and achieve a high diagnostic accuracy exceeding 90%. PET with (18)F-FDG is the most sensitive method to detect tumor recurrence. However, false positive results must be considered due to unspecific changes following treatment, especially radiotherapy. The use of quantitative PET scans as well as the application of a second tracer, enhance the capability of PET to assess questionable masses more accurately. Follow up examinations with PET and (18)F-FDG provide data about early changes in the tumor metabolism due to chemotherapeutic treatment. Studies in patients undergoing surgery and radiotherapy demonstrated, that PET with (18)F-FDG can be used for the prediction of individual survival.     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断多发癌的价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET/CT在多发癌诊断中的价值。 方法 回顾性分析5822例疑似肿瘤患者,均行18F-FDG PET/CT全身检查,经过活检或手术证实为多发癌患者32例。以病理结果作为金标准,以PET平均标准化摄取值（SUV_mean）≥2.5且CT上有形态学改变者作为PET/CT判断恶性肿瘤的标准,计算PET/CT诊断多发癌的灵敏度和准确率。 结果 本组患者中多发癌的发生率为0.55%,其中,双发癌30例、三发癌2例,共66个原发灶。32例多发癌的66个原发灶的SUV_mean的平均值为6.68±3.61。PET/CT诊断多发癌原发灶真阳性为58个,假阴性为8个。PET/CT诊断多发癌的灵敏度为87.9%,准确率为87.9%。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT全身检查诊断多发癌具有较大价值。     

Molecular imaging of brain tumors with 18F-DOPA PET and PET/CT

The objective of this study was to give an overview of the potential clinical utility of [18F]-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) PET and PET/CT for imaging of brain tumors. Review articles and reference lists were used to supplement the search findings. 18F-DOPA has been investigated as a PET tracer for primary brain tumors, metastases of somatic cancer, and evaluation of relapse of pathology in patients with brain tumor after surgery and/or radiotherapy on the basis of enhanced cell proliferation. Available studies have provided encouraging preliminary results for diagnosis of brain tumors and relapse after surgery/radiotherapy. In the brain, excellent discrimination between tumor and normal tissue can be achieved because of the low physiological uptake of 18F-DOPA and the high ratio between tumor and normal hemispheric tissue. Information on evaluation of brain metastases is limited but encouraging. PET and PET/CT with 18F-DOPA are useful in diagnosing primary brain tumors and should be recommended in the diagnosis of relapse of disease after surgical treatment and/or radiotherapy. Semiquantitative analysis could improve diagnosis while correlative imaging with MRI is essential. Limits are due to low knowledge of potential pitfalls.     

PET/CT与HRCT在孤立型细支气管肺泡癌诊断中的协同应用价值

目的探讨正电子发射计算机体层成像(PET/CT)与高分辨率CT(HRCT)在孤立型细支气管肺泡癌(sol-itary bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,SBAC)诊断中协同应用的价值,以提高对该病的诊断准确率。方法搜集经手术病理证实的28例SBAC患者的PET/CT及HRCT影像资料,患者均先行PET/CT显像,其中16例根据诊断需要于0～3天内行HRCT检查,分析两者对SBAC的协同诊断价值。结果 28例中,PET/CT显像确切诊断肺癌者15例(53.6%),恶性不除外5例(17.9%),良性病变8例(28.6%),误诊率较高。16例HRCT协同PET/CT确切诊断肺癌15例,其中1例初诊良性病变,后经HRCT结合图像后处理技术诊断为肺癌,1例伴右肺门淋巴结转移者,HRCT图像仅显示形态正常淋巴结影,而PET/CT诊断淋巴结转移,后经病理证实;PET/CT与HRCT协同诊断正确率达100%。结论 PET/CT显像诊断SBAC易出现假阴性,误诊率较高;PET/CT与HRCT在SBAC诊断中的协同应用能够弥补常规PET/CT显像中的不足,达到优势互补并充分发挥PET/CT的资源优势,有助于提高对SBAC的诊断准确率。     

正电子药物在肿瘤诊断中的进展

正电子发射型体层显像(PET)在肿瘤的早期诊断、分期、良恶性鉴别以及复发监测中有着广泛的应用。18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)是目前最成熟的正电子肿瘤显像剂,但是18F-FDG在部分肿瘤中的显像结果并不理想。11C-甲硫氨酸(11C-MET)、11C-乙酸(11C-acetate)、11C-胆碱(11C-choline)、18F-脱氧胸苷(18F-FLT)等各类非葡萄糖代谢的正电子显像剂逐渐投入临床使用,它们将和18F-FDG互补,提高各种肿瘤诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确率。     

18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖PET和PET-CT在结直肠癌术后复发或转移中的应用价值

临床常规检查方法对结直肠癌术后复发转移的诊断及再分期有一定局限性，^18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）PET作为一种功能代谢显像检查，能早期探测到肿瘤有无复发，准确鉴别术后瘢痕与复发，且能提供全面、准确的再分期信息，有助于制定合理的临床治疗方案，但仍存在假阳性及假阴性诊断。PET-CT融合显像有助于PET图像的正确解释，定位、定性准确度高，应用前景广阔。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像用于肺癌诊疗的研究进展

常规¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态显像在肺癌的诊断、分期、疗效评估等方面发挥了重要作用,并能通过标准化摄取值等代谢参数进行半定量分析,但静态显像无法提供病变的示踪动力学信息。近年出现的动态显像技术能够连续评估某一时间段内病变的代谢变化过程,并可应用净摄取速率常数等动力学参数进行定量分析,与静态显像相互补充,为肺癌的诊断提供更丰富的信息。就 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态及动态显像在肺癌诊疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

Use of PET in neuroendocrine tumors. In vivo applications and in vitro studies.

Positron emission tomography (PET) performed with various radiolabelled compounds facilitates the study of tumor biochemistry. If the tumor uptake of an administered tracer is greater than that of surrounding normal tissue, it is also possible to localize the tumor. In initial studies, 18F-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) was attempted to visualize the tumors, since this tracer had been successfully used in oncology, reflecting increased glucose metabolism in cancerous tissue. However, this tracer was not to any significant degree taken up by the neuroendocrine tumors. Instead, the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) labeled with 11C was used and showed an increased uptake and irreversible trapping of this tracer in carcinoid tumors. The uptake was selective and the resolution so high that we could detect more liver and lymph node metastases with PET than with CT or octreotide scintigraphy. One problem was, however, the high renal excretion of the tracer producing streaky artifacts in the area of interest. Using the decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, given as peroral premedication, the renal excretion decreased 6-fold and at the same time the tumor uptake increased 3-fold, hence improving the visualization of the tumors. When patients were followed during treatment with PET using 5-HTP as a tracer, a > 95% correlation between changes in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (U-5-HIAA) and changes in the transport rate constant for 5-HTP was observed. Thus, PET can be used to monitor treatment effects. Elevation of U-5-HIAA is considered to be uncommon in endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs). Initially, 11C-labeled L-DOPA was attempted as another amine important in the APUD system. With L-DOPA about half of the EPTs, mainly functioning tumors, could be detected. Recently, 5-HTP was explored as a universal tracer also for EPT and foregut carcinoids, extending the PET-examination to both thorax and abdomen (whole-body PET-examination). With this method we were able to visualize small lesions in the pancreas and thorax (e.g. ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoids) not detectable by any other method including octreotide scintigraphy, MRI and CT. Several other tracers have been investigated, e.g. the monoamineoxidase (MAO-A) inhibitor harmine with promising results in non-functioning EPTs. We are currently exploring a wide range of biochemical systems, including enzymes and receptors, both for neurotransmitters and for peptides and proteins in in vitro assays with the potential to use some of the developed tracers for in vivo visualization and tumor biological studies. In conclusion, PET is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. It can detect small lesions in the thorax and abdomen not detected by other methods, which has been of great value preoperatively in several cases. It detects more lesions in the liver and lymph nodes than other methods and furthermore, it can be used to monitor treatment effects.     

18F-FDG PET/CT检测淋巴结转移性鳞癌原发灶的价值

目的 探讨18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG） PET/CT在淋巴结转移性鳞癌原发灶检测中的临床应用价值。 方法 选取2018年3月至2020年11月于广东省佛山市禅城区中心医院因发现淋巴结转移性鳞癌而原发灶不明行全身18F-FDG PET/CT检查的56例患者进行回顾性研究,其中男性44例、女性12例,年龄19~81岁,中位年龄51岁。所有患者的淋巴结转移性鳞癌均于18F-FDG PET/CT显像前经组织病理学检查确诊,原发灶经组织病理学检查或临床随访确诊。分析并计算18F-FDG PET/CT检测原发灶的检出率;原发灶与淋巴结转移部位、最大标准化摄取值（SUV_max）的关系。采用双变量相关分析法分析原发灶与淋巴结转移灶的SUV_max的相关性。 结果 56例患者中,18F-FDG PET/CT检测原发灶阳性44例（真阳性42例、假阳性2例）,检出率为75.0%;假阴性1例（鼻咽癌）;11例患者18F-FDG PET/CT未发现原发灶。双变量相关分析结果显示,原发灶与淋巴结转移灶的SUV_max在一定程度上具有一致性（r=0.320,P<0.05）。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT显像对淋巴结转移性鳞癌的不明原发灶检测具有较好的临床应用价值,淋巴结转移灶与原发灶的18F-FDG代谢强度存在良好的相关性。