普瑞巴林缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 在空腹和餐后条件下评价两种普瑞巴林缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性。方法 入组26例健康受试者,采用单中心、单剂量、随机、开放、两制剂、两周期、双交叉试验设计,分别在空腹和餐后条件下单次给予受试制剂或参比制剂330 mg,用液质联用(LC-MS/MS)法测定给药后普瑞巴林的血浆浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价受试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性。结果 健康受试者在口服受试制剂或参比制后,空腹组血浆中普瑞巴林的主要药代动力学参数如下：C_max分别为(2 440.40±533.30),(2 533.60±596.58) ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-t分别为(26 738.26±7 887.54),(32 603.05±16 430.36) h·ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(27 796.76±7 885.37),(33 679.57±16 492.63) h·ng·mL^-1。餐后组受试制剂或参比制血浆中普瑞巴林的主要药代动力学参数如下：C_m...     

头孢氨苄胶囊在中国健康受试者的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:评价2种头孢氨苄胶囊在中国健康受试者的生物等效性及安全性。方法:按单中心、开放、随机、单次给药、两制剂、两序列、两周期、交叉试验设计。空腹和餐后条件下各入组24例受试者,随机交叉单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂250 mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中头孢氨苄的浓度,用WinNonlin 6.3软件计算头孢氨苄的药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后,空腹组血浆中头孢氨苄的主要药代动力学参数如下:C max分别为(10600±1930),(9950±2090)ng·L^-1;AUC 0-t分别为(17100±2470),(16600±2600)ng·L^-1·h;AUC 0-∞分别为(17300±2570),(16700±2680)ng·L^-1·h;餐后组血浆中头孢氨苄的主要药代动力学如下:C max分别为(6220±1470),(6040±1370)ng·L^-1;AUC 0-t分别为(16900±2740),(16500±2450)ng·L^-1·h;AUC 0-∞分别为(17100±2820),(16700±2520)ng·L^-1·h。2种制剂的C max、AUC 0-t和AUC 0-∞,经对数转换后90%置信区间分别为空腹状态下98.47%~116.50%,101.02%~105.57%,101.09%~105.63%;餐后状态下93.19%~112.83%,100.43%~103.63%,100.83%~103.76%。结论:2种头孢氨苄胶囊在中国健康受试者中具有生物等效性。     

进食对羟苯磺酸钙胶囊在健康人体内药动学的影响

目的:探讨不同饮食结构对于羟苯磺酸钙胶囊药动学的影响。方法:采用3周期交叉试验设计, 8名健康男性志愿者,年龄(25±s 4)a,体重(62±4)kg,分别于高脂饮食、标准饮食及12 h空腹后,口服羟苯磺酸钙胶囊500 mg,经1 wk清洗期后自身交叉,共3个周期。反相高效液相色谱荧光法测定血浆中羟苯磺酸钙浓度,计算服药后药动学参数并对结果进行统计分析。结果:受试者空腹、标准餐后、高脂餐后单剂量口服羟苯磺酸钙胶囊,药动学参数分别为c_(max):(20±s 7),(9．4±1．4),(9．7±1．1)mg·L~(-1); t_(max):(3．8±1．6),(5．5±1．8),(5．9±1．4)h;t_(1/2)β:(4．3±2．2),(4．1±1．5),(4．5±1．4)h;A UC_(0-∞): (135±29),(69±8),(69±5)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC(0-24):(141±33),(88±11),(97±16)mg·h·L~(-1)。餐后服药较空腹服药血浆药物浓度明显降低,部分药动学参数有差异。而标准饮食与高脂饮食比较则无显著差异。结论:提示进食对羟苯磺酸钙胶囊的药动学有一定影响。     

吡仑帕奈片在健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 考察在空腹、餐后条件下健康受试者口服吡仑帕奈片受试制剂和参比制剂体内吡仑帕奈的血药浓度和药动学参数,评价吡仑帕奈片的生物等效性和安全性。方法 采用健康受试者在空腹、餐后的单中心、单剂量、两制剂、随机、开放、两周期、自身交叉对照试验设计的人体生物等效性研究。空腹和餐后组健康受试者分别口服4 mg吡仑帕奈片受试制剂或参比制剂,采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中吡仑帕奈的浓度,药动学使用Phoenix Win Nonlin 8.1软件的非房室模型计算各受试者的药动学参数,使用SAS 9.4软件进行临床安全性统计分析。结果 空腹、餐后试验吡仑帕奈片受试试剂和参比试剂的最大血药浓度(C_max)分别为(181.20±46.14)、(168.60±47.98),(130.44±28.59)、(139.15±39.99)ng/m L,药时曲线面积(AUC_0-t)分别为(7 587.46±2 975.40)、(7 485.88±2 910.03),(7 820.54±3 229.68)、(7 528.88±2 325.94)h·ng/m L。两组吡仑帕...     

高脂饮食对盐酸依格列汀在中国健康人体内药代动力学的影响北大核心CSCD

目的观察中国健康受试者空腹和高脂高热量饮食情况下口服盐酸依格列汀片的药代动力学特征。方法 12名健康受试者单剂量、自身交叉口服依格列汀片50 mg。用HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中依格列汀的浓度,用Phoenix Win Nonlin 6.3软件按非房室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果空腹和进食后的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_(max)分别为(187.00±47.30),(163.00±61.10)ng·m L^(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(24.60±3.98),(24.20±4.70)h;AUC_(last)分别为(2.05±0.29),(1.71±0.30)mg·L^(-1)·h;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2.09±0.30),(1.74±0.31)mg·L^(-1)·h;t_(max)中位数(范围)分别为1.25(0.5,4)h和1.75(1,3)h。结论高脂饮食对依格列汀的药代动力学有影响,但影响程度较小:高脂饮食后服药较空腹条件下服药,AUC_(last)减少16.8%,C_(max)减少15.1%。高脂饮食对依格列汀的t_(max)无显著影响。     

高脂饮食对非洛地平在中国健康受试者体内药动学的影响

目的研究高脂饮食对非洛地平在健康中国人体内的药动学影响。方法 10名健康男性受试者随机分成2组,分别于空腹或进食高脂餐后口服非洛地平缓释片1片(10 mg/片),采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中非洛地平的浓度,用DAS 2.1.1软件计算主要药动学参数,用SPSS 19.0软件对主要药动学参数进行统计学分析。结果受试者于空腹和进食高脂餐后口服非洛地平缓释片的主要药动学参数ρmax、tmax、AUC0-36 h分别为(5.78±3.22)μg·L-1和(9.29±3.47)μg·L-1、(3.11±1.27)h和(5.33±1.80)h、(46.6±24.2)μg·h·L-1和(58.7±18.6)μg·h·L-1;对空腹与进食高脂餐后给药的主要药动学参数采用配对t检验进行统计分析,ρmax和tmax具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论高脂饮食可显著降低非洛地平的吸收速度,并显著提高峰浓度。     

恩格列净片在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的 评价2种恩格列净片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性和安全性。方法 按单次给药、随机、开放、两周期、双交叉试验研究设计方法,空腹、餐后条件下各入组38例受试者,随机交叉单次口服恩格列净片受试制剂和参比制剂各25 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS法检测血浆中恩格列净的浓度,用Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果 受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后,空腹组血浆中恩格列净的主要药代动力学参数如下：C_max分别为(382.37±83.61),(358.26±71.30)ng·mL^-1;AUC_0-t分别为(3 359.12±559.76),(3 215.68±552.68)ng·h·mL^-1;AUC_0-∞分别为(3 405.88±573.72),(3 266.38±556.97) ng·h·mL^-1。餐后组血浆中恩格列净主要药代动力学参数如下：受试制剂和参比制剂的C_max分别为(334...     

神经降压素与正常结肠运动的相关性研究

目的探讨结肠运动与神经降压素的关系。方法90例正常人,其中男性52例,女性 38例,分青年组34例,中年组33例,老年23例。运用结肠运输实验观察各年龄组结肠运输情况,采用放免法测定其餐前后血中NT的浓度。结果(1)结肠运输试验:青、中、老年组结肠运动力由强减弱,青、中年组48小时内结肠运动力明显高于老年组(P<0．05)。男女组间结肠运输试验差异无显著意义(P>0．05)。(2)正常人空腹血浆NT的浓度为47．14±16．94 pg／ml,餐后血为74．24±34．71 pg／ml。(3)空腹与餐后各年龄组血中NT浓度,青年组分别为54．11±15．50、89．32±38．53 pg／ml; 中年组分别为48．86±14．89、72．90±28．55 pg/ml;老年组分别为34．45±15．10 pg／ml、53．82± 25．56 pg／ml;老年组餐前后血中NT与青、中年组相比有显著性差异(P<0．05)。男女组间差异无显著意义(P>0．05)。(4)空腹与餐后比较:青、中、老年组餐后NT明显高于餐前(P<0．05)。(5)24、 48、72小时80％TT组间NT浓度递减。结论(1)本研究结肠运输试验结果符合72小时80％TT标准。(2)正常人血中NT:空腹为47．14±16．94 pg／ml,餐后分别为74．24±34．71 pg／ml。(3)餐前后血中NT随年龄递减。(4)餐后NT增高。(5)结肠运动力递减而血中NT递减。     

空腹口服国产氨酚双氢可待因制剂的生物等效性初步评价研究

目的:初步评价氨酚双氢可待因片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉对照设计,10名健康受试者分别于空腹条件下单剂量口服氨酚双氢可待因片之受试制剂与参比制剂,并于服药后14h内多点抽取静脉血,LC-MS/MS法测定血浆样本中对乙酰氨基酚与酒石酸双氢可待因的血药浓度,采用Phoenix WinNonlin软件计算主要药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后,血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的C_(max)分别为(9.36±3.33),(8.18±1.43) ug/mL;AUC_(0-t)分别为(1920.05±480.02),(1892.79±400.30) ug/mL·min;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2058.16±486.43),(2033.10±400.64) ug/mL·min。双氢可待因的C_(max)分别为(47.16±11.33),(44.99±7.34) ng/mL;AUC_(0-t)分别为(12858.47±3512.03),(13229.29±3115.98) ng/mL·min;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(14278.28±4149.34),(14884.58±3503.93) ng/mL·min。结论:10例中国健康受试者空腹服用国产与原研药物氨酚双氢可待因片生物不等效,若要达到生物等效结论,推算需将受试者例数放大至20例。可依此方案进一步扩大样本量开展正式试验。     

盐酸克林霉素胶囊在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的评价盐酸克林霉素胶囊在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学特征,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。方法空腹、餐后各入组24例健康受试者,采用随机、开放、两序列、两周期双交叉给药的试验设计,受试者单次口服盐酸克林霉素胶囊受试药物和参比药物150 mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测人血浆中克林霉素的浓度,使用WinNonlin7.0软件计算药代动力学参数,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量空腹给药受试药物和参比药物克林霉素的主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax分别为(2.91±0.86),(2.83±0.83)μg·mL^-1,AUC0-t分别为(7.86±3.06),(7.39±2.39)μg·h·mL^-1,AUC0-∞分别为(8.06±3.23),(7.59±2.50)μg·h·mL^-1。单剂量餐后给药受试药物和参比药物克林霉素后的主要药代动力学参数如下:受试制剂和参比制剂的Cmax分别为(1.98±0.52),(2.05±0.41)μg·mL^-1,AUC0-t分别为(9.68±3.35),(9.16±2.66)μg·h·mL^-1,AUC0-∞分别为(9.53±2.98),(9.60±3.24)μg·h·mL^-1。两药物的主要药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,其90%置信区间空腹状态下分别为94.75%~111.37%,198.81%~111.74%,98.34%~111.66%;餐后状态下分别为84.81%~104.19%、94.33%~112.92%,93.99%~113.64%。结论空腹和餐后状态下,两种盐酸克林霉素胶囊的主要药代动力学参数相近,具有生物等效性。     

Effect of after-dinner administration on the pharmacokinetics of oral flunitrazepam and loprazolam

The pharmacokinetics of two benzodiazepine hypnotics, flunitrazepam and loprazolam, was determined on two occasions in two groups of eight healthy volunteers. Single 2-mg oral doses of either drug were given in the fasting state at morning on one occasion and after a standard dinner at night on another. Compared with administration of drugs in the fasting state, administration of the drugs after dinner decreased peak plasma concentrations, delayed the time to reach maximum concentration, and prolonged the absorption half-life. The extent of absorption was reduced for flunitrazepam but not for loprazolam. The elimination half-life of both flunitrazepam and loprazolam was not changed in the two conditions. These changes may be of clinical significance because they can delay and reduce the effects of the drugs.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of SK-896, a new human motilin analogue,in healthy male volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SK-896 ([Leu(13)]motilin-Hse) after intravenous administration to healthy male volunteers. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a non-blinded phase I study.Participants: Thirty male Japanese volunteers (mean age 30.6 years) participated in this study. The volunteers were divided into five groups receiving different doses of SK-896. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SK-896 were evaluated after single intravenous infusions of doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 micro g over 20 minutes to fasting volunteers, or after multiple intravenous infusions (twice a day for 3 days) of doses of 40 micro g over 20 minutes to volunteers in the morning (fasting) and afternoon (non-fasting). Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive SK-896 were determined by radioimmunoassay, and borborygmus was measured as an indicator of drug effect (acceleration of gastrointestinal motility) with an improved Holter electrocardiograph attached to the abdomen. RESULTS: When SK-896 was given by single intravenous infusion at each dose, the plasma concentration of immunoreactive SK-896 rapidly increased to a maximum at the end of the infusion. After the infusion was completed, plasma concentrations declined monoexponentially with an elimination half-time of 4.57-5.64 minutes. The area under the concentration-time curve and the maximum concentration (1.04-9.08 microg-equiv./L) increased in proportion to the dose, and there were no dose-related changes in plasma clearance (7.59-9.34 mL/min/kg), mean residence time (7.83-9.51 minutes) or steady-state volume of distribution (62.9-73.9 mL/kg), indicating that SK-896 plasma concentrations can be described by a linear pharmacokinetic model within the dose range of the present study. After beginning administration, an increase in borborygmus was observed. At doses of 40 and 80 micro g, the borborygmus did not continue even when the plasma concentration was maintained, suggesting that tachyphylaxis occurs at a higher dose. When SK-896 was given as multiple intravenous infusions, the pharmacokinetics did not change with repeated administration. The intensity of borborygmus was low with afternoon administration, reaching only one-third to one-half that with morning administration, suggesting that, like native motilin, SK-896 does not stimulate gastrointestinal motility in the non-fasting state. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate dose and administration period (fasting or non-fasting) are important factors in stimulating and maintaining gastrointestinal motility when treating gastroparalysis with SK-896.     

The effects of food on the bioavailability of fenofibrate administered orally in healthy volunteers via sustained-release capsule

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of food on plasma concentration and bioavailability of fenofibrate administered as a sustained-release capsule. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy Korean volunteers were enrolled in a randomised, open-label, balanced, three-treatment, three-period, three-sequence, single oral dose, crossover pharmacokinetic study. A single dose of fenofibrate (250 mg sustained-release capsule) was administered on three occasions -- after overnight fasting, after consumption of a standard breakfast and after a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected for the next 72 hours. Plasma fenofibric acid concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly affected by food intake. The high-fat breakfast affected the rate of absorption of fenofibrate more than the standard breakfast and fasted conditions. Specifically, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(infinity)) and peak plasma concentration (C(max)) increased 2.45-fold and 2.89-fold, respectively, between the fasted and standard-fed conditions (p < 0.01). In addition, the high-fat meal caused 3.34-fold and 3.82-fold increases compared with the fasted condition in AUC(infinity) and C(max), respectively. A one-compartment open model with lag time successfully described the plasma concentrations of fenofibric acid. CONCLUSION: In healthy volunteers, AUC(infinity) and C(max) of fenofibrate, when administered via sustained-release capsules immediately after the consumption of food, was increased significantly from the fasting conditions (p < 0.01). The greatest AUC(infinity) and C(max) occurred when the capsules were taken after a high-fat breakfast.     

Pharmacokinetics of extended-release and immediate-release formulations of galantamine at steady state in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the steady-state galantamine (GAL) bioavailability of the extended-release 24-mg qd capsule (GAL-ER) with and without food and to evaluate the relative bioavailability of GAL-ER with the immediate-release 12-mg bid tablet (GAL-IR) at steady state. METHODS: This was a single-center, open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover study in 24 healthy volunteers (12 males and 12 females) aged 18 to 45 years. After 7 days of GAL-ER 8 mg qd each morning and 7 days of GAL-ER 16 mg qd each morning, subjects received the following treatments in randomized, crossover order (7 days each): GAL-ER 24 mg qd each morning (fasted before Day 7 morning dose), GAL-ER 24 mg qd each morning (fed before Day 7 morning dose), and GAL-IR 12 mg bid (fasted before Day 7). Pharmacokinetic parameters of GAL at steady state were determined after morning intake on Day 7 of each treatment week. Safety evaluations included adverse event (AE) reporting, physical examination, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and electrocardiography. RESULTS: The treatment ratios of area under the plasma concentration-time curve of GAL from time 0-24 h post-dosing (AUC24 h), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and pre-dose plasma concentration (Cmin) for GAL-ER fed/fasting were 105%, 112%, and 103%, respectively. The treatment ratios and 90% confidence intervals for all above mentioned pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated bioequivalence (with the range of 80-125%), indicating that food had no effect on GAL-ER bioavailability. As anticipated, GAL-ER (fasting) had mean AUC24 h similar to GAL-IR (fasting), with lower Cmax (63 ng/mL vs 84 ng/mL) and longer time to reach Cmax (4.4 h vs 1.2 h). The treatment ratios and 90% confidence intervals for both AUC24 h and Cmin demonstrated bioequivalence (within the range of 80-125%). The treatment ratio for Cmax was 75.7%, indicating a 24% lower Cmax for GAL-ER than for GAL-IR. In this study, GAL-ER was safe and well tolerated with or without food and was comparable to the GAL-IR formulation. CONCLUSION: Food had no effect on the GAL bioavailability of GAL-ER at steady state. GAL-ER was bioequivalent to GAL-IR with respect to AUC24 h and Cmin.     

Time-dependent absorption of theophylline in man

Sixteen healthy volunteers were given either oral or intravenous doses of aminophylline (125 mg) at 9:00 A.M. and 9:00 P.M. under controlled food conditions. Measured at regular time intervals by homogeneous enzyme immunoassay, the plasma theophylline concentrations 1.5 and 2 hours after oral aminophylline were significantly higher in the morning than in the evening (P less than 0.05). Also, the mean peak plasma concentration was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) and the time to peak concentration was faster (P = 0.02) after the morning dose. Neither the morning mean elimination half-life nor the morning mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve differed significantly from those after the evening dose. After intravenous aminophylline, no significant differences were found in the plasma theophylline concentrations and in the elimination half-life between morning and evening. Therefore, the small but statistically significant time-dependent differences in theophylline kinetics must be due to changes in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and not to changes in distribution or elimination of the drug.     

Pharmacokinetics and safety of single intravenous infusions of the adenosine agonist, AMP 579, in patients with end-stage renal insufficiency

The pharmacokinetics of an adenosine agonist (AMP 579) were characterized in patients with end-stage renal disease compared to sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. All study participants were administered single AMP 579 doses of 50 micrograms/kg as a 6-hour, constant-rate intravenous infusion. Serial blood samples were obtained for measurement of plasma AMP 579 concentration, and predose samples were collected for determination of AMP 579 plasma protein binding. The safety of AMP 579 administration in renally impaired patients also was evaluated. AMP 579 was rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation in all subjects as plasma concentrations were below the limit of detection by 2 to 4 hours after terminating the infusion. Noncompartmental analysis yielded mean values for the plasma AMP 579 concentration at the end of the 6-hour infusion (C6 h) of 9.6 and 10.5 ng/mL and for systemic clearances (Cl) of 0.91 and 0.72 L/h/kg in renally impaired patients and healthy volunteers, respectively. Mean volumes of distribution (Vss) in the renally impaired and healthy volunteers were 0.92 and 0.84 L/kg, and terminal elimination half-life values (t1/2) were 1.61 and 1.33 hours, respectively. The extent to which AMP 579 is bound to plasma protein was not altered in renally impaired patients since the free fractions were 4.0% and 3.4% for renally impaired and healthy volunteers, respectively. It was concluded that the pharmacokinetic parameters of AMP 579 were similar in both groups. The 6-hour AMP 579 infusion was generally well tolerated by both renal patients and healthy volunteers. There were no serious adverse events, and there were only two mild adverse events in 1 renally impaired patient judged possibly related to the study drug that quickly resolved. There were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values or clinical evaluations during the study. There was a slight increase in heart rate during the infusion of similar magnitude for both the renal patients and healthy volunteers. These data suggest that AMP 579 may be administered to renally impaired patients with minimal cardiovascular effects and adverse events. These results in end-stage renal patients (worst-case scenario) indicate that dose adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency of any degree is not indicated in future studies of AMP 579.     

Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor,rosuvastatin, after morning or evening administration in healthy volunteers

AIMS: To compare the lipid-regulating effects and steady-state pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a new synthetic hydroxy methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, following repeated morning and evening administration in volunteers with fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations < 4.14 mmol l-1. METHODS: In this open-label two-way crossover trial 24 healthy adult volunteers were randomized to receive rosuvastatin 10 mg orally each morning (07.00 h) or evening (18.00 h) for 14 days. After a 4 week washout period, volunteers received the alternative regimen for 14 days. Rosuvastatin was administered in the absence of food. RESULTS: Reductions from baseline in serum concentrations of LDL-C (-41.3%[morning]vs-44.2%[evening]), total cholesterol (-30.9%vs-31.8%), triglycerides (-17.1%vs-22.7%), and apolipoprotein B (-32.4%vs-35.3%) were similar following morning and evening administration. AUC(0,24 h) for plasma mevalonic acid (MVA), an in vivo marker of HMG-CoA reductase activity, decreased by -29.9% (morning) vs-32.6% (evening). Urinary excretion of MVA declined by -33.6% (morning) vs-29.2% (evening). The steady-state pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin were very similar following the morning and evening dosing regimens. The Cmax values were 4.58 vs 4.54 ng ml-1, and AUC(0,24 h) values were 40.1 vs 42.7 ng ml-1 h, following morning and evening administration, respectively. There were no serious adverse events during the trial, and rosuvastatin was well tolerated after morning and evening administration. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin are not dependent on time of dosing. Morning or evening administration is equally effective in lowering LDL-C.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in healthy volunteers--a comparative study of two oral formulations

The aim of the evaluation was to establish bioequivalence between two oral 3.0 g sachet forms of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA). It was designed as randomised, two-way crossover study with a 1-week washout interval. Blood samples were collected throughout a 12 h period after administration of reference and test product to 12 fasting healthy male volunteers. Plasma were analyzed by sensitive, reproducible, accurate and rapid capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with UV detection. Many pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kel were determined from plasma concentration. First three of them after log-transformation of data were examined for bioequivalence. Based on ANOVA with 90% confidence level no significant difference was found. All of tested parameters were found to be within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%. Based on these and other statistical tests it was concluded that Hepatil is bioequivalent to Hepa-Merz granulate.