反相高效液相色谱法测定胃乐胶囊中甘草次酸含量

目的测定胃乐胶囊中甘草次酸的含量。方法用反相高坡液相色谱（RP—HPLc）法对方中的主要有效成分甘草次酸进行含量测定。色谱柱为C18柱，流动相为乙腈-0．5％冰醋酸（70：30），检测波长250nm。结果甘草次酸质量浓度在4．992-249．6mg／L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，回归方程Y=3．0×10^7X＋5．9×10^3 ,r=0．9997；平均加样回收率为99．18％，RSD为1．89％（n=6）。结论RP—HPLC法操作简单，重现性好，测定结果准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定心痛舒胶囊中的丹参酮ⅡA

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（以下简称HPLC法）测定心痛舒胶囊中的丹参酮ⅡA。方法：以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂，甲醇：水（78：22）为流动相，流速为1.0ml／min，检测波长270nm。结果：丹参酮ⅡA在0.0364-0．2912μg线性关系良好，r=0．9997，平均回收率99．63％（n=6），RSD=2.24％。结论：该法简便、灵敏、准确，可用于测定心痛舒胶囊中丹参酮ⅡA含量。     

HPLC 法测定炙甘草中主要化学成分含量的研究

目的：建立 HPLC 法测定炙甘草中甘草苷、甘草素等主要化学成分含量的方法。方法色谱柱为 Kromasil-C18（250 mm ×4．6 mm,5μm）柱,以流动相：（含0．1％磷酸）水溶液（A）,乙腈（B）进行梯度洗脱,测定炙甘草中化学成分的含量。结果甘草苷在0．73～5．08μg,甘草素在0．58～4．53μg,甘草酸在0．61～4．29μg,甘草次酸在0．51～3．57μg 范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率范围为96．6％～104．9％。结论该测定方法快速、准确,可为炙甘草质量控制及药效学研究提供依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定肝舒胶囊中芍药苷的含量

目的建立肝舒胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,流动相为甲醇：水（7：15）;检测波长为230nm;流速为1．0ml／min。结果芍药苷在46．9～469mg／L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为100．86％,RSD为0．57％。结论本法灵敏、准确、专属性强,可用于肝舒胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定胃欣舒胶囊中大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的建立胃欣舒胶囊中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的高效液相色谱法含量测定方法。方法色谱柱：Kromasil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-0．1%磷酸溶液（82：18）;流速：1．0mL·min^-1;检测波长：254nm。结果大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚总含量为1％以上,平均回收率分别为97．6％、99．1％、97．7％,RSD分别为2．13％、2．01％、1．73％。结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为胃欣舒胶囊的质量控制方法。     

效液相色谱法测定胃康灵胶囊中甘草次酸的含量

目的:建立胃康灵胶囊中甘草次酸含量测定的方法。方法高效液相色谱法,Luna(月神)C18分析柱(250×4．6mm,5μ),甲醇-水(磷酸调PH 3．3)(90:10)(v／v)为流动相,流速1 mL／min,检测波长为250nm。结果甘草次酸在27-135μg／mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0．9994),方法的平均回收率为98．11％,RSD为0．81％。结论方法简便、准确、快速,可作为该制剂中甘草次酸的含量测定的方法。     

高效液相法测定胃康灵胶囊中甘草次酸的含量

目的建立胃康灵胶囊中甘草次酸的含量测定方法。方法以SHIMADZU VP ODS（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）为分析柱,乙腈-3％冰醋酸（70：30）为流动相;流速：1．0ml·min^-1;检测波长：249nm;进样量10μl。结果甘草次酸对照品在10．70～214．08μg·ml^-1范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系Y=1．53×10^4×-1．38×10^3,r=0．9999,平均回收率为99．1％,RSD=1．1％（n=5）。结论本法简便,准确,专属性强,可以作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定天麻胶囊中天麻素的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定天麻胶囊中天麻素的含量。方法：采用紫外检测器，色谱柱为Diamonsil C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0．1％磷酸溶液-80％LN（97．2：2．8），分析测定天麻胶囊中天麻素的含量。结果：天麻素的进样量为0．04～0．35μg（r=0．9998）时，线性关系良好。方法的平均回收率（n=5）为95.7％，RSD为1．2％。结论：本方法简单、快速、准确，可用于测定制剂中天麻素的含量。     

痉咳静片的质量标准研究

目的：建立痉咳静片的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱鉴别法对处方中百部、甘草进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定甘草中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。结果薄层色谱鉴别法分别检出百部、甘草,且斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰。甘草苷进样量在0．03139～0．31390μg范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r＝1．0000）,平均加样回收率96．18％,RSD为1．05％（n＝6）;甘草酸进样量在0．1063～1．0630μg范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r＝1．0000）,平均加样回收率96．69％,RSD为0．67％（n＝6）。结论本实验建立的方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于痉咳静片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定痛可舒贴中马兜铃酸A的含量

目的：建立痛可舒贴中马兜铃酸A的含量测定法。方法：采用HPLC法测定痛可舒贴中马兜铃酸A的含量。色谱柱为Lichrospher．c18柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃-0．05％三氟乙酸溶液（39：3：58）,检测波长为390nm。结果：在7．52×10--60．16×10-3ng进样范围内,马兜铃酸A的峰面积与进样量线性关系良好（r=0．9998）。平均回收率为99．3％,RSD为0．49％。当信噪比为3：1时,马兜铃酸A的检出限为1．78×10-3ng;信噪比为10：1时,马兜铃酸A的最低定量限为5．93×10-3ng。结论：该法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于痛可舒贴中马兜铃酸A的含量检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.