尿路感染的病原菌种类及耐药性分析

目的探讨尿路感染的病原菌种类,分析其耐药性,提高尿路感染的临床治疗水平。方法对386例尿路感染患者的清洁中段尿细菌培养及耐药性结果进行回顾性调查分析。结果清洁中段尿细菌培养阳性率为23.8%。其中大肠埃希菌占62.0%,克雷伯菌占13.0%,变形杆菌占6.5%,假单胞菌占5.4%,葡萄球菌占7.6%,肠球菌占5.4%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌平均检出率为11.6%。革兰阴性杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林和环丙沙星的耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢三嗪的耐药率低。革兰阳性球菌对红霉素、青霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素敏感率为100%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对氨基糖苷类、第三代头孢菌素和氨苄西林耐药率较高,而对亚胺培南及酶抑制剂的复合药敏感。结论引起尿路感染的主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌;临床上要特别重视尿路感染的病原菌检查及药敏试验,合理使用抗生素,以减少产ESBLs细菌的产生,提高治愈率。     

医院感染大肠埃希菌耐药性的调查分析

目的 调查分析大肠埃希菌引起的感染及其耐药性,以便指导临床用药.方法 对本院血、尿、痰等标本细菌培养分离出的大肠埃希菌用全自动微生物分析系统鉴定,用纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验,双纸片协同筛选试验检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶.结果 引起感染的大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星的耐药率为47.8%～78%;对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等均呈现良好的敏感性,耐药率为3.4%～24.6%;对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率最低,分别为0和1.7%.产ESBLs菌株的耐药率比非产ESBLs菌株耐药明显升高.结果 大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类、头孢1代和2代抗生素的耐药性较高;对头孢3代和4代抗生素、头霉素类、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性较低;目前对亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦最敏感.结论 应根据抗生素敏感试验选择敏感药物进行治疗,并检测相应的产ESBLs情况.     

第三代头孢耐药大肠埃希菌表型及其基因型分析

抗生素的广泛应用导致产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum β-lactamases,ESBL)的大肠埃希菌不断增加,产酶菌株不仅对青霉素类,三代头孢菌素和单环β-内酰胺类高度耐药,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类等抗菌药物的耐药性也明显高于非产酶菌株,给临床治疗带来极大困难.不同地区、医院抗生素使用策略不同,所分离的占优势的产酶株基因型也不相同.本研究对珠海市人民医院2005年1月到2007年12月期间产ESBL大肠埃希菌进行了分析.     

73株大肠埃希菌耐药表型分析

目的分析临床分离的大肠埃希菌的耐药性、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）阳性率及耐药性之间的关系。方法用微量肉汤稀释法检测2009年10月至2010年3月分离的73株大肠埃希菌的耐药性,用酶抑制剂增强实验纸片法检测产ESBLs菌株。结果 73株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs20株,阳性率为27.4%。产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类和第一、第二代头孢菌素耐药率〉95%,对第三代头孢菌素中头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松耐药率均为95%,但头孢他定耐药率为20%。对酶抑制剂哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率〈30%,耐药率低于30%的还有头孢西丁、阿米卡星,未检测到亚胺培南耐药株。非产ESBLs菌株耐药率明显低于产ESBLs菌株。结论本医院分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的比例低于国内其他地区,具有显著的耐药性。     

剖宫产患者术后切口感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查分析

目的探讨剖宫产患者术后切口感染病原菌分布,并分析主要病原菌的耐药性情况。方法选择2016年9月～2018年12月在我院剖宫产手术术后感染的84例患者为研究对象,分析切口感染病原菌分布情况和对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 84份标本中培养出84株病原菌,革兰阴性菌检测率最高,有56株(66.67%),其中以大肠埃细菌为主,占41.67%;其次为革兰阳性菌,有27株(32.14%),金黄色葡萄球菌占15.48%;真菌检测率最低,为1株(1.19%)。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林类、头孢类常用抗菌药物耐药性高(均≥50.00%),但对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、多黏菌素B敏感;革兰阳性菌对青霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平耐药性高(均≥50.00%),对四环素、磷霉素敏感,但研究中的抗菌药物对粪肠球菌均保持了较好的抗菌性。结论剖宫产患者术后感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌中的大肠杆菌为主,其次为革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林类、头孢类药物耐药性高,革兰阳性菌对青霉素、红霉素等药物耐药性高。     

细菌性尿路感染易感因素、菌种及耐药性研究

目的探讨尿路感染的病原种类及耐药性,提高尿路感染的临床诊治水平.方法分析了230例尿路感染患者临床资料、菌种及耐药资料.结果①清洁中段尿培养阳性率低(36.5%).②尿路感染病原菌分布占前几位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(50.6%),变形杆菌(15.6%),肺炎克雷伯菌(12.2%),肠球菌(12.1%),假单胞菌(6.5%);产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌检出率13.6%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率是18.2%.③G-杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林、环丙沙星耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、头孢三嗪耐药率低;G+球菌对红霉素、青霉素耐药性高,万古霉素耐药性最低;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对氨基糖甙类、第三代头孢菌素、氨苄西林耐药性较高,而对亚胺培南及酶抑制剂的复方制剂敏感.④尿路感染常规治疗后尿菌检出率为15.4%.结论临床上要重视尿路感染的病原菌药敏检测,经验一线选药广泛耐药,合理使用抗生素,对预防产ESBLs细菌的产生,提高尿路感染治愈率十分重要.     

老干部保健病房感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析2008-2011年老干部保健病房病原菌的分布特点及对临床常规抗菌药物的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法回顾性分析2008-2011年老干部保健病房分离出的342株病原菌,采用法国梅里埃公司生产的VITEK-2 Compact全自动微生物分析仪做鉴定和药敏试验。结果从2008年1月至2011年12月,共检出病原菌342株,其中革兰阴性杆菌248株,占72.5%;革兰阳性球菌51株,占14.9%;真菌43株,占12.57%;革兰阴性杆菌占病原菌的绝大多数;检出前5位的病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、白色假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌、屎肠球菌。4年间革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感性最好,耐药率〈15.4%,其次是阿米卡星,耐药率〈18.9%,二者耐药率已出现了逐年上升的趋势;对氨苄西林的耐药率最高〉84.1%。糖肽类和恶唑烷酮类抗菌药物对革兰阳性球菌始终保持高敏感性。感染部位以泌尿系（41.5%）最常见,其次是下呼吸道（39.2%）。结论老干部保健病房常见病原菌均具有较高的耐药性,对多种抗菌药物耐药率呈逐年上升趋势;加强老年病房的细菌及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,预防耐药菌株的产生及扩散。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染及耐药率的分析

目的提高医务人员对超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌感染的认识,指导临床合理使用抗菌用药。方法对本院2004～2006年间分离出的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和不动杆菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测,比较每年发生率并对其做药物敏感试验。结果产ESBLs大肠埃希菌每年发生率分别为18.2%、23.5%、27.7%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌每年发生率为15.8%、20.3%、26.9%,产ESBLs不动杆菌每年发生率为14.6%、20.1%、28.1%。三种细菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林及头孢菌素类耐药率约为72～100%。结论产ESBLs菌的发生率与耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,这与临床大量使用三代头孢类抗生素及不合理使用抗菌药物有关,同时ESBLs细菌对一些抗菌药物耐药率也不断提高,应引起临床治疗方面的足够重视。     

泌尿系感染病原菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性分析

目的分析我院泌尿系感染患者病原菌分布及对4种氟喹诺酮类药物耐药情况。方法收集泌尿系感染患者尿液中分离的致病菌株294株,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行4种氟喹诺酮类药物药敏分析。结果大肠埃希菌是引发泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,占53.7%,其次为肠球菌占16.3%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为36.1%和23.5%,耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）和肠球菌氨基糖苷类高水平耐药菌株（HLGR）检出率分别为68.8%和77.1%,它们对4种氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率高于非产ES-BLs、非MRSE、非HLGR菌株,呈现多重耐药性。结论泌尿系感染的病原菌分布广泛,耐药率呈上升趋势,应检测产ESBLs、MRSE和HLGR菌株的多重耐药情况,根据抗生素敏感试验合理选用抗菌药物进行治疗。     

2499例肺炎克雷伯菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的分析肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性趋势,指导临床合理用药。方法对医院2 499例临床送验标本分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性进行统计分析。结果标本来源以痰液、尿液和血液居前3位,分别占比52.78%、12.28%、10.04%。肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物耐药率高于80%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物亚胺培南耐药率有增长趋势;对替甲环素和厄他培南均高度敏感。2 499例多重耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为24.45%,多重耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率呈上升趋势。结论针对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性变迁,及时采取抗菌药物预警指导,合理使用抗菌药物,有效控制繁殖耐药菌产生,降低耐药率。     

革兰阴性菌对头孢替坦的耐药性分析

目的了解临床分离革兰阴性菌对头孢替坦的耐药性。方法收集2012年1月至2013年6月从医院各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性菌,使用VITEK2-compact微生物全自动分析仪进行鉴定和药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性调查。结果分离出革兰阴性菌1 045株,其中肠杆菌科细菌627株,占60.0%;非发酵菌402株,占38.5%。分离前3位的细菌分别为大肠埃希菌（27.7%）、铜绿假单胞菌（20.2%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（14.5%）。肠杆菌科细菌对头孢替坦耐药率低,53.3%的大肠埃希菌和29.6%的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢替坦耐药率均低于6.0%。非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢替坦的耐药率均高于90.0%。结论头孢替坦可以作为临床治疗产ESBLs细菌感染性疾病的一种经验性治疗方案。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria causing urinary tract infections in Latin American hospitals: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997)

Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among 469 pathogens isolated as a significant cause of urinary tract infections in 10 Latin American medical centers.
Methods: Consecutively collected isolates were susceptibility tested by broth microdilution methods, and selected isolates were characterized by molecular typing methods.
Results: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates revealed high rates of resistance to broad-spectrum penicillins and to fluoroquinolones. Ceftazidime MICs of ≥2 mg/L, suggesting the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), were observed in 37.7% of K. pneumoniae and 8.3% of Escherichia coli isolates. Enterobacter spp. isolates were characterized by high resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (35%) and to ceftazidime (45%), but they generally remained susceptible to cefepime (95% susceptible). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. Imipenem was active against 80% of P. aeruginosa and 93% of Acinetobacter spp. isolates.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a high level of resistance to various classes of antimicrobial agents among isolates causing nosocomial urinary tract infections in Latin American hospitals. Clonal dissemination of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains was infrequent.     

Korean Nationwide Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance of bacteria in 1997

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are known to be prevalent in tertiary-care hospitals in Korea. Twenty hospitals participated to this surveillance to determine the nationwide prevalence of resistance bacteria in 1997. Seven per cent and 26% of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were resistant to 3rd-generation cephalosporin. Increased resistance rates, 19% of Acinetobacter baumannii to ampicillin/sulbactam, and 17% of Pseudomonas aeruginoa to imipenem, were noted. The resistance rate to fluoroquinolone rose to 24% in E. coli, 56% in A. baumannii and 42% in P. aeruginosa. Mean resistance rates were similar in all hospital groups: about 17% of P. aeruginosa to imipenem, 50% of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, 70% of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin, and 70% of pneumococci to penicillin. In conclusion, nosocomial pathogens and problem resistant organisms are prevalent in smaller hospitals too, indicating nosocomial spread is a significant cause of the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria in Korea.     

Aerobic bacterial isolates from choledochal bile at a tertiary hospital

We studied the aerobic bacterial isolates from bile and their susceptibilty pattern in patients with biliary tract disease. Samples of bile collected during endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) and surgery, were inoculated on standard media. Bacterial identification and susceptibility were done by standard techniques. A total of 209 samples were cultured, out of which 128 samples showed growth. Total number of isolates obtained was 221. Poly-microbial infection was detected in 67 patients. Predominant aerobic bacterial isolates obtained were Escherichia coli 30% (67), Klebsiella species 23.98% (53), Enterococcus species 12.21% (27). Multi-drug resistance was noted in 57%. Higher resistance rate was noted among Gram negative bacilli for ampicillin (92.4%), cephalexin (82.46%), ciprofloxacin (68.42%), piperacillin (64.33%). Sensitivity to meropenem was 90.64% and amikacin was 76.61%. Gram positive bacteria showed high resistance to gentamicin (39.53%). Sensitivity to ampicillin was 86.05% and penicillin was 81.4%. Vancomycin and teicoplanin showed 100% sensitivity. From our study we conclude that E. coli, Klebsiella species and Enterococcus species are common pathogens infecting biliary tract. Poly-microbial infection and multi-drug resistance warrants culture and sensitivity to guide antimicrobial therapy. We recommend combination of amikacin and ampicillin for empirical therapy at our institution.     

Saudi Arabian-American differences in antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas

Increasing microbial resistance to newly developed antibiotics has been a limiting factor in the therapeutic use of these agents. To determine the extent of the problem, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 7,140 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to seven commonly used antibiotics was established at the 1,700-bed Riyadh Central Hospital in Saudi Arabia and compared with 5,513 isolates at the Oklahoma Memorial Hospital and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Riyadh Central Hospital were generally more resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than those at Oklahoma Memorial Hospital and the Veterans Administration Medical Center. All 1,022 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae at Oklahoma Memorial Hospital were more sensitive to the antibiotics than those at Riyadh Central Hospital or the Veterans Administration Medical Center. The sensitivity pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae at Riyadh Central Hospital and the Veterans Administration Medical Centers was similar.     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns among aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients in intensive care units: results of a multicenter study in Russia

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns among aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients in intensive care units (ICUs) in different parts of Russia.
Methods: During 1995–96, 10 Russian hospitals from different geographic areas were asked to submit 100 consecutive Gram-negative isolates from patients with ICU-acquired infections. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 12 antimicrobials were determined by Etest and results were interpreted according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines.
Results: In total, 1005 non-duplicate strains were obtained from 863 patients. The most common species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.8%), Escherichia coli (21.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), Proteus mirabilis (9.7%), Enterobacter spp. (8.2%) and Acinetobacter spp. (7.7%). High levels of resistance were seen to second- and third-generation cephalosporins, ureidopenicillins, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and gentamicin. The most active agents were imipenem (no resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter spp. and Acinetobacter spp., 7% resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), amikacin (7% resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., 4% in Enterobacter spp., 1% in Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, no resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae ) and ciprofloxacin (15% resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5% in Enterobacter spp. and Proteus mirabilis, 2% in Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1% in Escherichia coli ).
Conclusions: Second- and third-generation cephalosporins, ureidopenicillins, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and gentamicin cannot be considered as reliable drugs for empirical monotherapy for aerobic Gram-negative infections in ICUs in Russia.     

Cross-class resistance to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases are modified beta-lactamase enzymes that impart resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and make all beta-lactam antibiotics and cephalosporins useless for therapy. We compared the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and non-ESBL-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The ESBL producers had significantly diminished susceptibility compared with the non-ESBL producers for gentamicin (P < .001), tobramycin (P < .001), amikacin (P < .005), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P < .01), ciprofloxacin (P < .001), and nitrofurantoin (P < .001). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem. ESBL-producing K pneumoniae may also be resistant to non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, susceptibility testing of these isolates is critical for guiding therapy.     

Increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and cefoxitin-, imipenem- and fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli: a KONSAR study in 2002

Continued antimicrobial resistance surveillance can provide valuable information for the empirical selection of antimicrobial agents for patient treatment, and for resistance control. In this 6th annual study for 2002, the susceptibility data at 39 Korean Nationwide Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (KONSAR) hospitals were analyzed. Resistance rates of S. aureus were 67% to oxacillin, and 58% to clindamycin. The ampicillin and vancomycin resistance rates of E. faecium were 89% and 16%, respectively. To penicillin, 71% of S. pneumoniae were nonsusceptible. Resistance rates of E. coli were 11% to cefotaxime, 8% to cefoxitin, and 34% to fluoroquinolone, and those of K. pneumoniae were 22% to ceftazidime, and 16% to cefoxitin. Lowest resistance rates to cephalosporins shown by E. cloacae and S. marcescens were to cefepime, 7% and 17%, respectively. This is the first KONSAR surveillance, which detected imipenem-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae. To imipenem, 22% of P. aeruginosa and 9% of Acinetobacter spp. were resistant. Trends of resistances showed a slight reduction in MRSA and in penicillin- nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae, but an increase in ampicillin-resistant E. faecium. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli and H. influenzae remained prevalent. Compared to the previous study, amikacin- and fluoroquinolone- resistant Acinetobacter spp. increased to 60% and 62%, respectively. Ceftazidime- resistant K. pneumoniae decreased slightly, and imipenem- resistant P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium increased. In conclusion, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, cefoxitin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. increased gradually, and imipenem- resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae appeared for the first time. Continued surveillance is required to prevent further spread of these serious resistances.     

Differences in antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia and the United States

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of 3,530 clinical isolates at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH), in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were compared with those of 11,041 bacterial isolates at two hospitals of comparable size in the United States. The gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, Proteus-Morganella group, Enterobacter sp, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were generally more resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalosporin, gentamicin, piperacillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole at KFSH than in the United States. A larger number of isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were more resistant to cephalosporin, chloramphenical, gentamicin, piperacillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole at one of the tertiary care hospitals in the United States. Hemophilus influenzae and gram-positive cocci exhibited similar susceptibilities toward commonly used antibiotics at all three institutions.