儿童重症监护室病人呼吸机相关性肺炎Logistic回归分析

[目的]探讨儿童重症监护室（PICU）患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的发病情况和危险因素,为预防儿童VAP提供科学依据。[方法]对2007年1月-2008年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医学中心PICU应用机械通气超过48h的患儿240例病史资料进行回顾性分析,先对可能的危险因素应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,筛选出有统计学意义的危险因素,再对主要危险因素采用多因素Binary Logistic回归分析。[结果]在240例患儿中有92例发生了VAP,发病率为38．3％;机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管是引起VAP的危险因素,口腔护理为VAP保护因素。[结论]PICU患儿VAP发病率较高,机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、存在原发肺部疾病、插管方式、再插管和口腔护理为VAP影响因素;应针对VAP影响因素制定相应的护理干预措施。     

NICU内呼吸机相关性肺炎多因素Logistic回归分析

目的：探讨NICU内新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发病情况和危险因素。方法：采用回顾性调查的方式。调查对象为2000～2003年间我院新生儿科NICU内共359例机械通气超过48h的患儿。使用调查表收集病例资料中的相关信息。对收集到的资料进行单因素分析与Binary Losgitic回归分析。结果：VAP的发病率为21．4％，25．6／1000通气日。单因素分析发现早产儿、低体重、机械通气时间、NICU停留时间、原发肺部疾患、留置胃管、再插管、头部位置是否抬高、有无大剂量使用丙种球蛋白等因素与VAP有关。Logistic回归确定留置胃管、机械通气时间、原发肺部疾患、再插管、头部位置是否抬高、有无大剂量使用丙种球蛋白为VAP影响因素。结论：呼吸机相关性肺炎是外部的医疗环境与患者本身的内环境因素综合作用的结果。     

PICU患儿发生VAP的高危因素分析

目的研究儿科重症监护病房(PICU)患儿发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的高危因素。方法回顾性分析收治的333例PICU患儿临床资料,根据患儿是否发生VAP分为VAP组50例和非VAP组283例,采用单因素和多因素Logistics回归分析探究导致PICU患儿发生VAP的高危因素。结果两组出生体重、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素、ICU住院时间及吸痰次数比较有明显差异(P<0.05);经口插管、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素及吸痰次数是导致PICU患儿发生VAP的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论经口插管、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素及吸痰次数是导致PICU患儿发生VAP的独立危险因素,临床应加以重视。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素。方法对2008年1月～2010年10月在我院NICU机械通气治疗>48 h的90例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据是否发生VAP分为VAP组与非VAP组,以胎龄、出生体重、机械通气时间等15个因素为预想危险因素进行单因素分析,总结各危险因素与VAP的相关性。结果 90例机械通气患儿发生VAP 49例,发生率为54.4%。在胎龄、出生体重、机械通气时间、反复气管内吸引、留置胃管、再插管、肺透明膜病、营养不良、中枢神经抑制剂及静脉注射用丙种球蛋白应用方面,VAP组与非VAP组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论缩短机械通气时间,避免反复气管内吸引和再插管,应用大剂量静脉注射用丙种球蛋白等措施可降低新生儿VAP的发生率。     

EICU机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素及护理

目的:探讨ICU机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)可能的影响因素。方法:选择2015年6月~2016年12月收住我院ICU进行机械通气的患者93例,根据是否发生呼吸机相关性肺炎分为研究组(发生呼吸机相关性肺炎)20例和对照组(未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎)73例。分析两组患者性别、年龄、原发或伴发肺心病、APACHEⅡ评分、留置鼻胃管、机械通气时间等因素对VAP的影响。结果:本组呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率为21.51%,其与原发或伴发肺心病、留置鼻胃管、APACHEⅡ评分及机械通气时间密切相关(P0.05)。结论:原发肺心病、留置鼻胃管、APACHEⅡ评分高及机械通气时间长是导致VAP发生的主要危险因素,加强个体化综合护理对预防VAP有重要临床意义。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素表对早产儿发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防效果

目的：探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素表对早产儿发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防效果。方法选取2013年1月至2014年5月在我院接受机械通气治疗的早产儿100例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组50例。实验组患儿使用呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素表,对呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素进行量化评估,评估内容包括胎龄、出生体质量、插管次数、机械通气时间、留置胃管时间、原发肺部疾病、是否早期使用肺表面活性物质。结果实验组患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病率明显低于对照组（ P＜0．05）,康复时间短（P＜0．05）。两组中患VAP患者的病原菌种类、构成比差异无统计学意义。结论呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素表在接受机械通气治疗的早产儿中的应用,能够降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病率,提高护理质量。     

呼吸重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素分析

[目的]探讨呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生的危险因素.[方法]对2008年1月至2010年7月应用机械通气≥48h的217例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.应用单因素分析及非条件Logistic回归分析法,将患者分为VAP组（n=72）和非VAP组（n=145）,筛选出VAP发生的独立危险因素.[结果]单因素分析表明患者呼吸机连接方式、住RICU天数、机械通气（MV）天数、留置胃管、留置尿管、中心静脉置管、输血史、血糖高于正常、血清白蛋白（ALB）＜30g/L、吸烟史、使用糖皮质激素等因素是VAP的危险因素,logistic回归分析显示留置胃管、输血史、血糖值、ALB、吸烟史、上机前使用糖皮质激素、使用抑酸剂是VAP发生的独立危险因素.[结论]加强危险因素的监测,严格无菌操作,减少呼吸机管道的污染,尽可能缩短有创机械通气时间,是控制VAP发生的有效方式.     

PICU内呼吸机相关性肺炎的多重耐药菌感染病原学及危险因素分析

目的探讨儿童VAP发病的相关危险因素及感染多重耐药菌的病原学分析,为预防VAP的发生提供相应的干预措施,为难治性VAP的抗感染治疗提供实验依据。方法回顾分析我院PICU内机械通气治疗的病例,对VAP发病的危险因素进行单因素卡方检验及多因素Logistic回归分析;VAP患儿经痰培养证实多重耐药菌感染者进行病原学分析。结果 VAP的发病率42.0%;多因素分析显示:机械通气时间、肺部原发病、再插管、IVIG应用为VAP相关影响因素;多重耐药菌在检出菌中的比率达72.1%,其前5位分别为:产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、产ESBLs铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌;产ESBLs革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、阿米卡星敏感,MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感。结论多重耐药菌感染的VAP高发,机械通气时间、肺部原发病、再插管、IVIG应用为VAP相关影响因素,应根据病原学分析进行抗感染治疗。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的危险因素及护理措施

目的 探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的相关因素,为制定合理的防护措施提供参考。 方法 对行呼吸机治疗的280例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,找出VAP发生的相关因素,采用Logistic多元回归分析法确定发生VAP的独立危险因素。 结果 280例患者中,发生VAP 98例,发生率为35.00%。年龄>60岁、通气时间>10d、合并基础疾病、昏迷、留置胃管、气管切开、滥用抗生素患者VAP的发生情况较多,年龄、合并基础疾病、留置胃管、气管切开、通气时间、滥用抗生素是发生VAP的独立因素。结论 VAP的发生是多因素共同作用的结果。控制呼吸机的使用时间,重视体位护理、口腔护理、留置胃管和呼吸环路的管理及合理应用抗生素等可有效降低VAP的发病率。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素与预防研究

[目的]探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,并制定防治对策.[方法]对98例VAP病人进行了年龄、基础疾病、机械通气方法、抗菌药物使用、感染致病菌调查与统计分析.[结果]98例病人均有严重的基础疾病,住院时间长,进行过气管插管、气管切开或呼吸机治疗,使用过多种广谱抗菌药物.[结论]防止VAP应采取综合性措施,以预防为主,重视消毒隔离,缩短机械通气时间,加强病人的护理.     

Oral mucosal mouthwash with chlorhexidine does not reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill children: A randomised controlled trial

BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most frequently encountered causes of hospital-acquired infection and results in high morbidity among intubated patients. Few trials have investigated the efficacy of oral care with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash for the prevention of VAP in the paediatric population.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of CHX mouthwash in the prevention of VAP and to determine risk factors for VAP in children aged 1 month to 18 years admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).MethodsThis was a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind trial performed in the PICU. Patients were randomised into two groups receiving CHX (0.12%) (n = 88) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) (n = 86) and were followed up for VAP development. The main outcome measures were incidence of VAP, duration of hospital stay, duration of PICU stay, duration of ventilation, mortality, and the characteristics of organisms isolated in cases with VAP.Results:No difference was observed in the incidence of VAP and the type and distribution of organisms in the two groups (p > 0.05). In the CHX and placebo groups, we identified 21 and 22 patients with VAP, respectively. Incidence per 1000 ventilation days was 29.5 events in the CHX group and 35.1 events in the placebo group. Gram-negative bacteria were most common (71.4% in CHX vs. 54.5% in placebo). The use of 0.12% CHX did not influence hospital stay, PICU stay, ventilation, and mortality (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified duration of ventilation as the only independent risk factor for VAP (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe use of 0.12% CHX did not reduce VAP frequency among critically ill children. The only factor that increased VAP frequency was longer duration on ventilation. It appears that low concentration of CHX is not effective for VAP prevention, especially in the presence of multiresistant bacteria.ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT04527276.     

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia patients in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: With mechanical ventilation widely used in intensive care unit, the ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) has become a common and serious complication in critically ill patients. Compared with adults, the incidence of VAP and the mortality are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, and increased use of artificial airway or mechanical ventilation. Hence it is of significance to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence and mortality of VAP in children.METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2010, 2758 children were treated in PICU of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Among them, 171 received mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in PICU, and 46 developed VAP. The distribution and drug-resistance pattern of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract aspirations were analyzed.RESULTS: A total of 119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated. Gram-negative bacilli (G^-) were the most (65.55%), followed by fungi (21.01%) and gram-positive cocci (G⁺, 13.45%). Among them, the most common pathogens were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the multiple drug-resistances of G^- and G⁺ to antibiotics were serious. Most of G^- was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam. The susceptibility of G⁺ to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were 100%. Fungi were almost sensitive to all the antifungal agents. The primary pathogens of VAP were G^-, and their multiple drug-resistances were serious.CONCLUSION: In clinical practice we should choose the most sensitive drug for VAP according to pathogenic test.     

机械通气重症肺炎患儿呼吸机相关性感染危险因素调查及护理对策

目的:分析机械通气重症肺炎患儿呼吸机相关性感染(VAP)的危险因素,探讨其护理对策。方法:选取2017年10月—2019年9月行机械通气治疗的260例重症肺炎患儿为研究对象,统计VAP发生率,按是否发生VAP将患儿分为VAP组、非VAP组,分析患儿发生VAP相关因素,多因素Logistic回归分析影响VAP发生的危险因素,并提出相应护理对策。结果:260例患儿中22例出现VAP,发生率为8.46%;两组患儿出生体重、插管方式、通气时间、插管次数、早期使用抗生素、头部位置相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);插管方式、通气时间、插管次数、早期用抗生素、头部位置是影响患儿VAP发生的相关因素(P<0.05)。结论:机械通气重症肺炎患儿VAP发生率较高,且受多种因素影响,临床应针对其危险因素,优先选取经口气管插管、减少通气时间及插管次数,合理使用抗生素,抬高头部治疗,以降低VAP的发生率。     

小儿呼吸机相关肺炎防治策略研究

目的探讨小儿呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)危险因素及防治策略。方法选取我院PICU及NICU机械通气患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析VAP发生的相关因素、VAP病原菌及药敏结果。结果278例入选研究病例发生VAP 108例,VAP发生率38.8%,其中新生儿VAP发生率44.9%。患儿年龄、血白蛋白浓度、抗生素使用时间、抗酸剂使用、静脉丙种球蛋白、激素、鼻饲、体位、重复气管插管以及机械通气参数吸气峰压(PIP)、呼气末正压(PEEP)等因素均与VAP发生有关。病原学以G-菌为主,前5位分别是铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。结论VAP发生与多种因素有关,其防治要采取综合措施。采取合理的通气策略减轻呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI),是降低VAP发病率的重要的一个方面。     

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

PURPOSE: Children who experience acute injury or illness severe enough to result in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay are at risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms, as are their parents. A distinction is made between injury-related traumatic events, illness-related traumatic events, and treatment-related traumatic events, all of which contribute to this risk. CONCLUSIONS: This paper reviews what the PICU experience is like for children and their parents, the emerging literature on posttraumatic stress symptoms in PICU patients and their parents, and current knowledge regarding risk and resiliency factors for these children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Children hospitalized in the PICU should be monitored for posttraumatic stress disorder during and after their stay. Risk and resiliency factors are a focus for practice and for future research.     

Are central line bundles and ventilator bundles effective in critically ill neonates and children?

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are common problems in adult, pediatric (PICU) and neonatal (NICU) intensive care unit patients. Care bundles have been developed to prevent these hospital-acquired infections and to provide best possible care. Studies in adults have proven that care bundles contribute to a decrease in CLABSI and VAP rates. The purpose of this literature review was to critically appraise the known evidence of the effectiveness of central line bundles and ventilator bundles in PICU and NICU patients. The number of publications of central line bundles and ventilator bundles in PICU and NICU patients is limited compared to adults. Ten studies in PICU patients demonstrated a significant decrease in the CLABSI or VAP rate after implementation of the bundle. Two studies in neonates demonstrated a reduction in the CLABSI rate after implementation of the central line bundle. No studies on the effectiveness of the ventilator bundle in neonates were found. Bundle elements differed between studies, and their scientific basis was not as robust as in adults. Monitoring of compliance to bundle elements seems required for optimal reduction of CLABSI and VAP. Bundle components that focus on maintenance of a central line probably are important to prevent CLABSI in children.     

头低足高俯卧位降低儿科ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的探讨合理的体位管理方案以降低儿科ICU机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率。方法选取2013年6月-2017年6月收治于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿童重症医学科行机械通气的460例患儿为研究对象。按使用机械通气的前后顺序交替分为观察组(n=230)和对照组(n=230)。两组患儿在对症支持治疗和机械通气常规护理的基础上给予不同的体位管理方案,每2~3小时改变体位1次。观察组给予头低足高倾斜俯卧位与其他体位交替进行,对照组则给予常规仰卧位与侧卧位交替进行。比较两组患儿机械通气前5天痰液引流量、两组患儿胸片改善时间、机械通气持续时间、VAP发生率以及相关并发症发生率。结果观察组患儿机械通气前5天内痰液引流量较对照组更多,观察组患儿胸片改善时间及机械通气持续时间均少于对照组,且VAP发生率均低于对照组(均P<0.05),两组患儿并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论在儿科ICU机械通气患儿中采取头低足高倾斜俯卧位可以显著提高患儿的通气效果,降低机械通气持续时间和VAP发生率,且不会增加相关并发症风险。     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia and upper airway colonisation with Gram negative bacilli: the role of stress ulcer prophylaxis in children

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the incidence of upper airway colonisation related to the use of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill children. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care centre. PATIENTS: All children who were mechanically ventilated for more than 48 h. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were given ranitidine, 53 patients were given sucralfate and 48 patients were given no stress ulcer prophylaxis. Thirteen (8.4%) patients developed VAP: 6 (11.1%) patients in the ranitidine group, 4 (7.5%) in the sucralfate group and 3 (6.2%) in the group without prophylaxis. The rate of upper airway colonisation with Gram negative bacilli was 25.9% (14/54) in the ranitidine group, 22.6% (12/53) in the sucralfate group and 37.5% (18/48) in the group without prophylaxis. The differences among the groups were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to findings in adults, we found that, in children, sucralfate does not decrease the incidence of VAP or the incidence of upper airway colonisation with Gram negative bacilli as compared to ranitidine or no stress ulcer prophylaxis. However, the small sample size and study design substantially limit our conclusions.     

Effect of two different feeding methods on preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU): A randomised controlled study

BackgroundFor infants and children who require intubation in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant cause of secondary morbidity and mortality linked with extended use of intubation. Nurses are primarily responsible for the prevention of VAP and there are a number of procedures that contribute towards this end. Although enteral nutrition has been reported to be effective in the prevention of VAP, this remains controversial.ObjectiveTo compare and evaluate the effects of intermittent feeding through a nasogastric catheter with those of continuous feeding through a nasoduodenal catheter in preventing VAP in the PICU.DesignThe research design was a randomised, controlled experimental study.MethodsForty paediatric patients were randomised and divided into two groups of 20: one group for nasoduodenal (ND) feeding and the other for nasogastric (NG) feeding. Patients were assessed for the development of VAP using the clinical pulmonary infection score and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria while working in accordance with the VAP prevention bundles introduced within the unit.ResultsThe incidence of paediatric VAP was 15%. The rate of VAP in patients who were ND fed was 10%, whereas the rate of VAP in patients who had NG feeding was 20%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the ND- and NG-fed patients (p = 0.661).ConclusionAlthough the results of our study were not statistically significant, nasoduodenal feeding helped to reduce the incidence of VAP.