马桑内酯所致慢性癫痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋 …

用免疫组织化学方法研究了系统应用马桑内酯所致的慢性癫痫大鼠海马中星表胶质细胞伯胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达。结果证明，整个海马的胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫反应明显增强，并可见阳性细胞增生，胞体肥大，尤以齿状回门区和海分子腔隙层及始层为甚，此外，本实验还发现海胶质纤维酸性蛋白的阳性反应随发作后不同时间间隔（２ｈ～９ｄ）而不同，而直至发作后９ｄ胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性反应程度仍高于对照组，此结果表明，马桑内酯所致癫痫     

脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白的动态表达及意义

本研究目的在于 :观察脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白的分布及动态表达 ,探讨其与缺血性神经元的联系。钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型 ,应用免疫荧光法染色。结果显示 :脑缺血再灌流后胶质纤维酸性蛋白的阳性反应主要分布于海马本部的始层、放射层、分子层及齿状回门区。再灌流 3 d,胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应增强 ;7～ 15 d,胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应达高峰 ;脑缺血再灌流 40 d和对照组相比胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性反应仍维持较高水平。再灌流 3 0～ 40 d,CA1区锥体层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞明显增强。本研究结果表明 :脑缺血再灌流后海马区星形胶质细胞活化及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达增强长期保持在较高水平 ,星形胶质细胞的活化、增生可作为神经元受损可靠而敏感的指标     

激活的星形胶质细胞分泌的TNF-α与癫痫发作的相关性

目的：探讨星形胶质细胞在癫痫发病中的作用。方法：选用肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)刺激及TNF-α反义寡核苷酸阻断后马桑内酯(CL)刺激纯化培养的海马星形胶质细胞,将上述两种条件培养基提取液(ACM)分别注入正常大鼠侧脑室,观察动物行为与脑电图的变化;用免疫细胞化学方法检测大脑皮质与海马中生长抑素(SS)表达水平的改变。结果：侧脑室注射TNF-α刺激后的条件培养基提取液可引起大鼠Ⅲ级癫痫样发作及典型的尖波、棘波、棘一慢波癫痫样脑电图表现,侧脑室注射TNF-α反义寡核苷酸阻断后由马桑内酯刺激的条件培养基提取液,大鼠无癫痫样行为发生。结论：激活的星形胶质细胞分泌的TNF-α可诱导大鼠癫痫发作。     

TNFα激活的星形胶质细胞在慢性癫痫复发中的作用

目的：研究TNFα激活的星形胶质细胞在慢性癫痫复发中的作用。方法：分别用反相高效液相色谱法和免疫组织化学反应检测细胞释放谷氨酸（Glu）和NF－κBp65表达的变化。将TNFα激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液（ACM）注射入慢性马桑内酯致痫发作间期大鼠之侧脑室，观察动物行为和脑电图的变化，并用免疫组织化学反应观察海马NF－kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）表达的变化。结果：1．TNFα可明显促进星形胶质细胞释放Glu，并快速诱导星形胶质细胞核内NF－kBp65的表达。2．侧脑室注射ACM可引起大鼠4级癫痫行为及典型的痫样脑电图表现；注射ACM后0．5h即可观察到海马回特别是CA1区细胞核内p65的表达，2－4h达高峰，8h恢复至对照水平；注射ACM后1h海马GFAP免疫反应阳性细胞数开始高于对照组，4h达高峰，8h仍明显高于对照组。结论：TNFα激活的星形胶质细胞可通过释放可溶性的神经活性物质引起慢性癫痫的复发。     

戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的激活

目的：研究慢性癫痫大鼠点燃时海马星形胶质细胞的激活情况。方法：采用免疫组化和双重免疫荧光标记法观察戊四氮慢性癫痫大鼠点燃后海马NF-kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)的变化。结果：癫痫发作1 h,CA1区出现NF-kBp65-IR阳性细胞,4 h胶质细胞p65-IR维持在高水平,并持续至发作后12 h；发作1 h,CA1区GFAP-IR开始增强,4～8 h观察到明显浓染和突起增多的GFAP-IR阳性细胞,并持续至24 h；GFAP/p65一IR阳性细胞发作后1 h可观察到,4 h达最高峰,24 h恢复至对照组水平。结论：戊四氮致痫大鼠点燃时,星形胶质细胞的这种早期而持续的激活提示该细胞在慢性癫痫的复发中可能起到重要作用。     

激活的星形胶质细胞分泌的TNF-α对大鼠离子型谷氨酸受体1表达的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞在癫痫发病中的作用。方法选用肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α(TNF-α)刺激及TNF-α反义寡核苷酸阻断后马桑内酯(CL)刺激纯化培养的海马星形胶质细胞，将这两种条件培养基提取液(ACM)10μl分别注入正常大鼠侧脑室，观察动物行为与脑电图的变化；用免疫细胞化学方法检测大脑皮质与海马中离子型谷氨酸受体(NMDARI)表达水平的改变，并做显微图像分析。结果1．侧脑室注射肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α刺激后的条件培养基提取液可引起大鼠Ⅲ级癫痫样发作及典型的尖波、棘波、棘-慢波癫痫样脑电图表现，大脑前梨状皮质和海马CA1区NMDAR1免疫反应阳性神经元数和平均光密度值均明显高于对照组；2．侧脑室注射TNF-α反义寡核苷酸阻断后由马桑内酯刺激的条件培养基提取液，大鼠无癫痫样行为发生，大脑前梨状皮质和海马CA1区NMDAR1免疫反应阳性神经元数和平均光密度值与对照组无显著性差异。结论1．激活的星形胶质细胞分泌的TNF-α可诱导大鼠癫痫发作。2．NMDAR1表达的变化可能与癫痫发作有关。     

颞叶癫痫患者颞叶皮层和海马组织内多药耐药相关蛋白1和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白共表达

目的 观察颞叶癫痫病人多耐药基因1（MDR1）、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在颞叶和海马组织内的表达。方法 癫痫组样本来自12例颞叶癫痫病例的手术切除标本,对照组为4例非癫痫病的尸检脑组织。应用双重免疫荧光组织化学方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术显示MDR1、GFAP和NSE在颞叶和海马组织内的表达。结果 对照组颞叶皮质和海马齿状回内均可见到许多GFAP表达阳性的星形胶质细胞和NSE表达阳性的神经元,未见到表达MDR1的细胞。癫痫组颞叶皮质和海马齿状回内GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞高于对照组。颞叶皮层和海马组织内可见星形胶质细胞MDR1 和GFAP 共表达现象。结论 颞叶难治性癫痫可能与星形胶质细胞的多药耐药性有关。     

高血脂对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马内胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究高血脂对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA4区内星形胶质细胞表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的影响.方法:高脂饮食建立高血脂模型.以线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞的局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,采用免疫组织化学和蛋白印迹与神经行为相结合的方法,观测缺血再灌注侧大脑海马CA4区内星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达和神经功能的变化.结果...     

中枢神经系损伤后不同时期星形胶质细胞的变化

将神经毒６－羟多巴胺注入大鼠一侧中脑腹侧被盖区，用胶质原纤维酸性蛋白抗体对损伤鼠中脑切片进行免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法检测，观察星形胶质细胞在受损伤１ｄ至３０ｄ的不同时期的变化，术后１￣３ｄ，针道所经处见到ＧＦＡＰ阳性反应的细胞纤维，其胞体增大，纤维短粗。术后１周，针道周围反应性胶质细胞增多，有些反应性胶质细胞发出长的突起横向延伸垂直于针道，损害区附近血管增生，紧贴血管外周的胶质细胞也出现反应性变化。术     

氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活

目的研究氯喹对体外培养大鼠海马星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用,为癫痫的治疗提供实验依据。方法分离新生SD大鼠海马,体外培养星形胶质细胞,经纯化鉴定后分为:对照组、戊四氮(PTZ)组、氯喹干预组(25、50和75 mg/L),经相应处理后,分别用MTT法、免疫荧光、Western blot测定星形胶质细胞数量及活性、星形胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及CyclinD1的表达量。结果与对照组比较,PTZ可激活星形胶质细胞的增殖,使GFAP、CyclinD1的表达量增加(P<0.05);与PTZ组比较,氯喹阻滞了PTZ激活的星形胶质细胞的增殖(P<0.05);氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞异常增加的GFAP的表达;氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞的CyclinD1的表达量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,3种结果均显示75 mg/L氯喹对体外培养星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用较强,并可维持其在正常范围。结论氯喹具有抑制PTZ激活体外培养星形胶质细胞的作用,其可能通过抑制星形胶质细胞的增殖来发挥抗癫痫作用。     

体内和体外实验中马桑内酯对大鼠大脑皮质神经元白细胞介素-2受体表达的影响

为了探讨免疫调质与癫痫发病机制的关系，本文应用免疫细胞化学PAP法对体内和体外实验中马桑内酯（致痫剂）对大鼠大脑皮质种经元白细胞介素-2受体表达的影响进行了研究．在体内实验中，对照经大鼠大脑皮质仅见少量弱阳性白细胞介素-2受体免疫反应神经元，其免疫反应性定位于种经元膜上．大鼠一侧侧脑室注射马桑内酯诱发癫痫后，大脑皮质白细胞介素-2受体阳性神经元明显增多，免疫反应增强．在体外实验中，用马桑内酯温育培养大双皮质神经元24h，其白细胞介素2受体阳性神经元也比对照组增加了1．5倍，免疫染色加深．本实验结果提示，大脑皮质神经元上的白细胞介素-2受体可能参与癫痫的病理机制．     

地塞米松和苯妥英钠对癫痫大鼠脑内的GFAP和Fos表达的抑制作用

目的：探讨糖皮质激素（GC）的抗痫效应和抗痫机制。方法：动物行为学观察和免疫细胞化学染色。结果：戊四氮（PTZ）可诱发癫痫大发作,如诺在注入PTZ前30min先注入地塞米松或苯妥英钠（DPH）能减轻或抑制大鼠癫痫发作症状。免疫细胞化学染色结果表明,PTZ致痫组大鼠大脑皮质、海马回、齿状有大量肥大的胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）阳性的星形胶质细胞。GC或DPH抗痫组GFAP免疫反应明显减弱,阳性细胞数量减少,突起短而少,Fos蛋白在PTZ组大鼠致痫后1－1．5h有大量表达,而在上述两抗痫组显著少于PTZ致痫组。结论：1．通过与苯妥英钠（传统抗痫药）的抗痫效果相比较,进一步证明糖皮质激素具有抗痫效应。2．糖皮质激素的抗痫机制可能与抑制星形胶质细胞的活动有关。3．Fos蛋白表达的变化与癫痫活动有直接关系。     

Hippocampal neurons and glia in epileptic EL mice

Reactive changes in hippocampal astrocytes are frequently encountered in association with temporal lobe epilepsy in humans and with drug or kindling-induced seizures in animal models. These reactive changes generally involve increases in astrocyte size and number and often occur together with neuronal loss and synaptic rearrangements. In addition to producing astrocytic changes, seizure activity can also produce reactive changes in microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. In this study, we examined the effects of recurrent seizure activity on hippocampal neurons and glia in the epileptic EL mouse, a natural model of human multifactorial idiopathic epilepsy and complex partial seizures. Timm staining was used to evaluate infrapyramidal mossy fiber organization and the optical dissector method was used to count Nissl-stained neurons in hippocampus of adult (about one year of age) EL mice and nonepileptic C57BL/6J (B6) and DDY mice. Immunostaining forglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba1, an actin cross-linking molecule restricted to macrophages and microglia, was used to evaluate astrocytes and microglia, respectively. The EL mice experienced about 25–30 complex partial seizures with secondary generalization during routine weekly cage changing. No significant differences were found among the mouse strains for Timm staining scores or for neuronal counts in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal fields or in the hilus. However, the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was significantly elevated in the stratum radiatum and hilus of EL mice, while microglia appeared hyper-ramified and were more intensely stained in EL mice than in the B6 or DDY mice in the hilus, parietal cortex, and pyriform cortex. The results indicate that recurrent seizure activity in EL mice is associated with abnormalities in hippocampal astrocytes and brain microglia, but is not associated with obvious neuronal loss or mossy fiber synaptic rearrangements. The EL mouse can be a useful model for evaluating neuron-glia interactions related to idiopathic epilepsy.     

托吡酯对急性癫痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的影响

目的研究急性癫痫大鼠海马结构内星形胶质细胞的激活情况及托吡酯对其的影响。方法采用免疫组织化学法观察马桑内酯急性癫痫大鼠及应用托吡酯治疗后海马结构内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein，GFAP）免疫细胞化学反应（immunoreactivity，IR）的变化。结果①与对照组相比，模型组和治疗组大鼠GFAP-IR阳性细胞数及积分光密度值均显著增J]I（P〈0.05）；②治疗组较模型组其GFAP-IR阳性细胞数和积分光密度值显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论星形胶质细胞在癫痫病理过程中起着重要作用，托吡酯可能通过直接和间接两方面的作用减轻星形胶质细胞的激活。     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马内c－fos原癌基因表达及谷氨酸免疫反应的变化

用免疫细胞化学双重染色法对马桑内酯致痫大鼠齿状回及海马回ＣＡ３区内原癌基因表达、谷氨酸免疫反应的变化及其相互关系进行了研究。一侧侧脑室内注射马桑内酯诱发癫痫后，在双重免疫细胞化学染色的切片上，齿状回及海马回ＣＡ３区内均有３种不同类型的细胞：谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）单标细胞、Ｆｏｓ单标细胞和Ｆｏｓ／Ｇｌｕ双标细胞。癫痫发作后１ｈ，注射侧齿状回有大量Ｆｏｓ／Ｇｌｕ双标细胞，而海马回ＣＡ３区仅有散在的双标细胞；癫痫发作后１．５ｈ，海马回ＣＡ３区双标细胞数明显增多。Ｆｏｓ单标细胞数及谷氨酸免疫反应性与双标细胞数是平行的。根据以上结果，本文对马桑内酯致痫的机制进行了讨论。     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes in developing rat hippocampus.

The developmental pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes was investigated in the hippocampus (subfields CA1, CA3 and CA4) and in the dentate gyrus of male and female rats aged 11, 16, 30, 90 and 150 days by immunohistochemistry associated with image analysis. Analysis was centred on stratum radiatum, a hippocampal area rich in GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes. The volume of different portions of hippocampus, the number and the size of astrocytes, the intensity of cell body GFAP immunostaining as well as the extension of astrocyte were assessed. A maturation pattern consisting in higher cellular expression of GFAP, an increase in overall cell size and expanding arborisation from the 11th to the 30th postnatal day, followed by stabilisation of these parameters until the 90th day of life, and a subsequent decrease in the oldest age group studied was found. A sex-related different temporal pattern of astrocytes maturation in size and GFAP content was observed in the CA1 subfield only. The increase of GFAP content during pre-weaning ages was less pronounced in females than in males as well as the decrease between the 90th and the 150th day of age. Moreover, the size of astrocytes was larger in females than in males at the 11th and 150th days of life. These findings suggest that hippocampal astrocytes undergo rapid maturation in the 1st month of postnatal life, followed by a slow consolidation of this process until the 3rd month of life. At 5 months of age, there are still dynamic changes in the mature astrocytes, which become slender and thinner probably as a response to the increased volume of hippocampus noticeable at this age.     

氯喹对体外培养星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用

  目的 研究氯喹对体外培养大鼠海马星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用,为癫痫的治疗提供实验依据。方法 分离新生SD大鼠海马,体外培养星形胶质细胞,经纯化鉴定后分组：a 对照组;b 戊四氮（PTZ）组;c 氯喹干预组（25mg、50mg、75mg/L）,经相应处理后,分别运用MTT法、免疫荧光、western-blot测定星形胶质细胞数量及活性、星形胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及CyclinD1的表达量,并分析比较各组星形胶质细胞激活情况。结果 与b组比较,MTT法显示氯喹阻滞了PTZ激活的星形胶质细胞的增殖（P<0.05）;免疫荧光结果显示,氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞异常增加的GFAP的表达;western-blot结果显示氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞的CyclinD1的表达量（P<0.05）;与a组比较,3种结果均显示75mg/L氯喹对体外培养星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用较强,并可维持其在正常范围。结论 氯喹具有抑制PTZ激活体外培养星形胶质细胞的作用,其可能通过抑制星形胶质细胞的增殖来发挥抗癫痫作用。     

Structural characteristics of astrocytes from the rat hippocampus in postischemia

The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution and structural organization of rat hippocampal astrocytes containing immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after ischemic damage of the brain in the animals treated with intraventricular infusion of creatine as a neuroprotective drug, and in those which received no treatment. Using the methods of light microscopy and immunocytochemistry, the brain of 26 mature Sprague-Dawley (Koltushi) rats was studied. Some animals were narcotized and subjected to general brain ischemia (lasting for 12 min) followed by a reperfusion (for 7 days). Creatine was infused intraventricularly to 11 animals using an automatic Alzet osmotic minipump. It was found that GFAP-immunoreactive hippocampal astrocytes were concentrated within two major areas (stratum lacunosum-moleculare CA1 and fascia dentata stratum polymorphae). As a result of neuroprotective effect of creatine, moderate ischemic damage of the hippocampus was not followed by the changes in the zones of activated astrocyte localization. Redistribution of GFAP-positive astrocytes in postischemic period was caused by the loss of pyramidal neurons in cytoarchitectonic field CA1. Complete loss of pyramidal neurons in this hippocampal area resulted in a qualitatively new level of astrocyte activation--their proliferation.     

急性癫痫大鼠海马Ca3区的Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达变化

目的探讨Bcl-2、Caspase-3在马桑内酯所致癫痫大鼠海马Ca3区的表达变化。方法40只SD大鼠随机分为癫痫组30只（又分为3h、6h、24h三个亚组）和对照组10只，应用免疫组织化学方法检测海马神经元中Bcl-2、Caspase-3的表达。结果①Bcl-2于致痫后6h表达增加，并于24h减少，与对照组比较有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。②Caspase-3于致痫后6h表达增加，并持续增加到24h，与对照组比较有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。③致痫组Bcl-2与Caspase-3的表达成反比，差异有统计学意义（p〈0．05）。结论Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平在癫痫发作后神经元的损伤中占有重要的作用，参与其凋亡的发生及其它功能的调控。Bcl-2可通过抑制Caspase-3的活性而抑制神经元的损伤，但是这种抑制作用是有限的。