急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓后再通对左室重构的影响

目的：分析急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ） 静脉溶栓再通对左室重构的影响。方法：把８２ 例ＡＭＩ静脉溶栓的病人分为再通组４８ 例,未通组３４ 例,在ＡＭＩ发病后（６±５．１） 月,用心脏彩超对不同部位室壁运动、室壁厚度、左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）、左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＤＤ） 、左室收缩末内径（ＬＶＤＳ） 等观察。结果：前壁心肌梗塞两组间室壁运动幅度、梗塞区的室壁厚度有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）, 而下壁心肌梗塞二组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）, 左室形态与功能差异显著（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论：ＡＭＩ早期再灌注可改善左室重构     

急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓治疗后冠状动脉再通对左心功能的影响

目的：研究急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）静脉溶栓治疗后冠状动脉（冠脉）再通对左心功能的影响。方法：以２４例ＡＭＩ患者接受尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗为研究对象，再通组１４例，未通组１０例，于发病后３～４周在进行选择性冠脉造影或经皮穿刺冠脉内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的同时行Ｘ线左心室造影。结果：再通组射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）明显高于未通组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；室壁异常活动积分未通组明显高于再通组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中室壁瘤发生率再通组显著低于未通组，分别为７．１４％与３０．００％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：监测ＬＶＥＦ及室壁局部运动是判断ＡＭＩ时溶栓治疗使梗塞区冠脉再通效果的有效指标；ＡＭＩ后及时有效的静脉溶栓治疗可缩小梗塞面积，改善左心功能，对改善ＡＭＩ患者的近期预后有十分重要的意义。     

二维多普勒超声对缺血性心肌病左室重构变化的研究

目的对缺血性心肌病（ＩＣＭ）患者的左室重构（ＬＶＲ）病理生理变化进行分析研究。方法应用ＨＰ ７７０２０ＡＣ型彩色多普勒血流显像仪（探头频率３．５ＭＨｚ）分别对５６例ＩＣＭ患者和５０例正常对照组进行分析评价。结果显示ＩＣＭ组的各项指标与正常组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。ＩＣＭ组的ＬＶＥＤｄ、ＥＤＶ、ＥＳＶ、ＥＳＳ、ＰＶＡ、ＬＡＴ、ＬＡＦ显著增大，ＥＦ、ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＣＩ、ＭＶＣＦ、ＰＶＥ、ＰＦＲ及ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＥ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。结论认为ＩＣＭ病人ＬＶＲ的主要病因与心肌缺血引起的梗塞区膨展、左室扩张、容量负荷及室壁应力的增加有关，而ＥＳＶ、ＥＤＶ及ＥＦ可作为了解ＩＣＭ远期预后的最佳指标     

溶栓对急性心肌梗塞患者左心功能的影响

目的： 评价溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者左心功能的影响。方法：经静脉溶栓治疗的９６ 例患者ＡＭＩ后１ 个月进行锝９９ 心肌扫描,计算各项心功能指标。结果：５９ 例再通者的ＥＦ％ 、ＰＥＲ和ＰＦＲ均明显优于３７ 例未通者（Ｐ均＜ ０．０１）。左室扩张者的各类指标与ＬＶＥＤｄ 呈负相关（ｒ＝ － ０．４１～－ ０．８０, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论： ＡＭＩ的溶栓治疗能明显地改善心功能     

静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞远期预后的影响

目的：观察静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者远期预后的影响。方法：采用超声心动图、２４小时动态心电图、心电图运动试验及心室晚电位检查，对９４例接受溶栓治疗的ＡＭＩ患者进行６个月～３年的随访。结果：在６个月～３年的随访中，前壁再通组左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＥＤ）和左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）均明显短于前壁未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；而下壁再通组与未通组ＬＡＤ、ＬＶＥＤ和ＬＶＥＦ无明显差别。再通组各种心律失常的发生率明显低于未通组，再通组的运动耐量明显高于未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：静脉溶栓对改善前壁心肌梗塞患者远期心功能疗效显著，对下壁心肌梗塞患者心功能改善不明显；但静脉溶栓对前壁或下壁心肌梗塞患者，在减少远期心律失常的发生，增强运动耐量和提高生活质量方面均有着重要意义。     

超声心动图评价房间隔缺损患者左心室收缩功能

用超声心动图检测２８例继发孔型房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）患者及４０例正常人左心室收缩功能（ＬＶＳＦ）。结果表明：ＡＳＤ患者左室射血分值（ＬＶＥＦ）、短轴缩短分数（ＬＶＦＳ）、每搏量（ＳＶ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、主动脉瓣口血流速度（ＡＶ）、速度时间积分（ＡＶＩ）均较正常人明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１～０．０５），左室射血前期（ＬＰＥＰ）延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）、射血时间（ＬＶＥＴ）缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＬＰＥＰ／ＬＶＥＴ增大（Ｐ＜０．０１），且ＬＶＥＦ、ＬＶＦＳ、ＳＶ、ＣＯ、ＡＶ、ＡＶＩ与肺／体循环量比值（Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ）呈中度负相关（ｒ＝－０．３９～－０．７８，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论认为：ＡＳＤ患者ＬＶＳＦ存在一定程度的减退，并推测其机理可能与ＡＳＤ患者因右室容量超荷所致的左室扩张性降低、舒张末容积减小、室间隔运动异常及左室几何形态改变等有关     

二维超声心动图对急性心肌梗塞后左室重构的分析研究

应用二维超声心动图对３６例急性心肌梗塞患者的左室重构病理生理变化进行分析评价。结果显示：心肌梗塞患者的ＬＶＤｄ，ＬＶＥＤＶ，ＬＶＥＳＶ，Ｅｄｂ，Ｅｓｂ及ｍｅａｎ ｂ显著增大（ｐＰ＜０．０５－－０．０１），ＥＦ、ＬＶＳＣＩ及ＭＶＣＦ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５－０．０１）。结论认为：急性心肌梗塞后左室重构的主要病因是梗塞区膨展、左室扩张、容量负葆增加及室壁应力增大，可直接导致心肌梗塞后并发症的出现。     

高血压病心室活动同步性和收缩功能的核素心室造影研究

应用计算机－核素心室造影（ＥＲＮＡ）对１２０例各期高血压患者和２０例正常人进行左室收缩功能（ＬＶＳＦ）参数测定，并通过位相分析得到心室活动同步性（ＶＳＳ）参数心室相角程（ＰＳ）和半高竞（ＦＷＨＭ）。结果表明：高血压病Ⅰ期组ＬＶＳＦ参数在正常或超常水平；Ⅱ期患者与Ⅰ期患者比较，其ＬＶＥＦ和１／３ＥＦ降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）且ＰＳ和ＦＷＨＭ增宽（ＰＭ＜０．０５），提示存在ＶＳＳ损伤；Ⅲ期ＬＶＳＦ各参数均较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＳ和ＦＷＨＭ更增宽（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＬＶＥＦ与ＰＳ和ＦＷＨＭ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５４，－０．５０，Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＰＳ和ＦＷＨＭ增竟是ＶＳＳ损伤表现．计算机－ＥＲＮＡ在高血压病分期诊断、治疗和判断预后上有重要意义。     

硫酸镁对尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的影响

目的：研究硫酸镁（ＭＳ）对尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）的影响。方法：１００例ＡＭＩ住院患者随机分为ＭＳ＋ＵＫ组（ＭＵ组，５２例）和ＵＫ组（４８例）。ＭＵ组在静滴ＵＫ前后加用ＭＳ。结果：２组的再灌注率无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＭＵ组的再灌注心律失常（ＲＡ）发生率、４周病死率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；开始治疗后并发的严重心律失常（ＳＡ）、心力衰竭（ＨＦ）及梗塞后心绞痛（ＰＩＡ）的发生率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；休克、再梗塞（ＲＩ）及梗塞延展（ＩＥ）的发生率也均低于ＵＫ组（但Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论：在ＵＫ静脉溶栓前后加用ＭＳ，可提高ＵＫ溶栓疗效，缩小梗塞面积，减少并发症，并有益于缺血再灌注损伤的防治。     

核素心室显像对前壁,下壁急性心肌梗死左室局部收缩功能的评价

目的：评价前壁及下壁急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）左室局部收缩功能。方法：于ＡＭＩ发病后第三周应用门控平衡法核素心室显像检测两壁左室整体及局部射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ、ｒＥＦ）,轴缩短率（ＲＳ）,局部轴缩短率（ｒＲＳ）。结果：前壁组ＬＶＥＦ（３１．５３±１０．３８％）显著低于下壁组（４６．５２±８．６５％）,Ｐ〈０．０１;前壁组平均室壁运动积分（１．８６±０．６分）亦显著低于下壁组（２．２０±０．６分）,Ｐ〈０     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.