Social problems in pregnancy |
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| Institution: | 1. Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women''s Health, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;4. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;5. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;6. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;7. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;8. Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom;9. The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway;10. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.;2. Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Socioeconomic deprivation adversely affects health and access to healthcare. It is closely associated with problem drug use, which exacerbates the medical and social effects of poverty, and is associated with several medical problems including dental caries, vascular damage, thromboembolic disease and blood-borne virus infection. Problem drug use has increased markedly during the past 20 years, especially among women of childbearing age. In addition to the widespread use of cannabis, the drugs most commonly used in the UK are methadone and heroin, amphetamines and benzodiazepines, while use of cocaine and crack cocaine is increasing. While heroin can cause preterm delivery and some drugs (opioids and benzodiazepines) can cause withdrawal symptoms in the baby, most of the medical effects of drug use on pregnancy are indirect. Blood-borne virus infections, including HBV, HCV and HIV can be transmitted by sharing injecting equipment and can be passed vertically from mother to baby. Women from socially disadvantaged backgrounds have potentially high-risk pregnancies in medical and social terms, but can have difficulties accessing appropriate care. In view of their many problems, they need multidisciplinary care that addresses all their medical and social problems and is appropriate in content, design and delivery. |
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