Decreased proportion of GABA neurons accompanies age-related degradation of neuronal function in cat striate cortex

Electrophysiological studies indicate that a decline of GABAergic inhibition in the visual cortex may underlie age-related degradation of visual function [A.G. Leventhal, Y. Wang, M. Pu, Y. Zhou, Y. Ma, GABA and its agonists improved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys, Science 300 (2003) 812-815; M.T. Schmolesky, Y. Wang, M. Pu, A.G. Leventhal, Degradation of stimulus selectivity of visual cortical cells in senescent rhesus monkeys, Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 384-390]. To date, there is little direct evidence to support this hypothesis. Using Nissl staining and immunohistochemical techniques, we quantitatively compared the density of total neurons (Nissl-stained neurons) and GABA-immunoreactive neurons as well as the proportion of GABA-immunoreactive neurons to total neurons in the primary visual cortex between 4 young adult (1-3 year old) cats and 4 old (12 year old) cats, which had been previously examined in a single-unit recording study [T. Hua, X. Li, L. He, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, A.G. Leventhal, Functional degradation of visual cortical cells in old cats, Neurobiol. Aging 27 (2006) 155-162]. In that study, we found the function of V(1) (area 17) neurons in the old cats was significantly degraded relative to young adult cats. Our present results indicate that the density of total neurons in each cortical layer of V(1) exhibit no significant difference in the two age groups of cats. However, the density of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in old cats is significantly lower than in young adults. Further, the ratio of GABA-immunoreactive neurons to total neurons in each layer of V(1) in old cats is also significantly decreased when compared to young adult cats. These results provide direct morphological evidence of decreased GABAergic inhibition in the striate visual cortex of old animals, which accompany the functional degradation of visual cortical neurons.