自噬在骨质疏松与骨稳态中作用的研究进展

骨质疏松症是与年龄相关的全身系统性骨代谢疾病。随着年龄增加,骨形成受抑制骨破坏增加导致骨量降低与骨折易感性。骨质疏松症形成的分子机制较为复杂,其中自噬与骨质疏松形成之间的关系一直是近年热点研究话题。自噬是高度保守的真核细胞物质循环过程,通过降解大分子物质、蛋白质、细胞器,并对降解产物循环利用,保持细胞在应激、能量缺乏等不利环境中稳定生存。随着人们对自噬研究的不断拓展,自噬水平的分子调控通路及其在细胞生理与疾病发展中的作用取得了众多进展,包括神经退行性疾病、癌症、糖尿病、心肌疾病等。许多动物体内外及人体研究显示自噬与包括骨质疏松症在内的骨骼疾病存在着很大关联。自噬在骨组织各细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及保持稳定等多方面扮演重要角色,深度参与骨重塑过程。骨组织各细胞在衰老、活性氧累积、雌激素水平下降、全身炎症水平增高等多种不利因素影响下,自噬水平发生不同程度的改变,导致骨代谢与骨稳态失衡并逐步发展为骨质疏松症。该文在现有的相关文献报告基础上,对自噬与骨稳态、骨质疏松症的关系进行综述,以期对进一步研究提供参考。

Research progress of autophagy in osteoporosis and bone homeostasis

Osteoporosis is a systemic and age-related bone metabolic disease. Along with aging, bone formation is inhibited and bone destruction is increased, leading to decrease in bone mass and fracture susceptibility. The molecular mechanism of osteoporosis formation is relatively complex, and the relationship between autophagy and osteoporosis formation has been a hot topic in recent years. Autophagy is a highly conserved material cycling process in eukaryotic cells. By degradation of macromolecular substances, proteins, and organelles, and the recycling of degradation products, autophagy maintains the stable survival of cells in adverse environments such as stress and lack of energy. With the continuous expansion of autophagy research, progresses have been made in the molecular regulatory pathway of autophagy and its role in cell physiology and disease development, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, and myocardial diseases. Studies have shown a strong association between autophagy and bone diseases, including osteoporosis. Autophagy plays a vital role in the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and stability of bone cells, and is deeply involved in the bone remodeling process. Under the influence of various adverse factors, such as aging, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, decrease in estrogen level, and increase in systemic inflammation, autophagy level of cells in the bone tissue changes to different degrees, which leads to the imbalance of bone metabolism and bone homeostasis and gradually develops into osteoporosis. In this paper, the relationship between autophagy and bone homeostasis and osteoporosis is reviewed on the basis of existing literature reports, in order to provide reference for further research.