The interactive effect of change in perceived stress and trait anxiety on vagal recovery from cognitive challenge |
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Authors: | Olga V. Crowley Paula S. McKinley Matthew M. Burg Joseph E. Schwartz Carol D. Ryff Maxine Weinstein Teresa E. Seeman Richard P. Sloan |
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Affiliation: | aColumbia University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, 1150 St. Nicholas Ave Suite 121, New York, NY 10032, United States;bYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Columbia University School of Medicine, Center for Behavioral and Cardiovascular Health, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States;cState University of New York Stony Brook, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Nicolls Road 127 Putnam Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, United States;dDepartment of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Institute on Aging and Adult Life, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1202 West Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706-1969, United States;eCenter for Population and Health, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Road NW Suite 120, Washington, DC 20007, United States;fDivision of Geriatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States |
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Abstract: | The present study tested the hypothesis that the change in state negative affect (measured as perceived stress) after cognitive challenge moderates the relationship of trait anxiety and anger to vagal recovery from that challenge.Cardiac vagal control (assessed using heart rate variability) and respiratory rate were measured in a sample of 905 participants from the Midlife in the United States Study. Cognitive challenges consisted of computerized mental arithmetic and Stroop color–word matching tasks. Multiple regression analyses controlling for the effects of the demographic, lifestyle, and medical factors influencing cardiac vagal control showed a significant moderating effect of change in perceived stress on the relationship of trait anxiety to vagal recovery from cognitive challenges (Beta = .253, p = .013). After adjustment for respiratory rate, this effect became marginally significant (Beta = .177, p = .037). In contrast, for the relationship of trait anger to vagal recovery, this effect was not significant either before (Beta = .141, p = .257) or after (Beta = .186, p = .072) adjusting for respiratory rate. Secondary analyses revealed that among the individuals with higher levels of trait anxiety, greater reductions in perceived stress were associated with greater increases in cardiac vagal control after the challenge. In contrast, among the individuals with lower levels of trait anxiety, changes in perceived stress had no impact on vagal recovery. Therefore, change in perceived stress moderates the relationship of trait anxiety, but not trait anger, to vagal recovery from cognitive challenge. |
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Keywords: | Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure SBP, systolic blood pressure DBP, diastolic blood pressure HR, heart rate HRV, heart rate variability rMSSD, square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals CVD, cardiovascular disease CHD, coronary heart disease |
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