A review of available techniques for determination of nano-antimicrobials activity

In recent years using nanoparticle has been increased to resolve microbial resistance. It has been shown that nanomaterial such as metallic nanoparticles is the most effective in microbial cell reduction. In nanoparticle using the antimicrobial activity assay should be identified by suitable method. This review consists of introduce the available techniques for determination of Nanoantimicrobials activity, specifically metal oxide nanoparticles. Determining methods for the antimicrobial potential of nanoparticle, including the use of viable cells by exploring and indirect tests, each with unique advantages and disadvantages, such as bacterial cell enumeration, diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, adenosine triphosphate assay, fluorescein diacetate (3,6-diacetylfluorescein), molecular biological techniques, and fractional inhibitory concentration index, to determine the effectiveness of test substances for synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects, in one section. Antimicrobial activity parameters of nanoparticles, including UV illumination effect, impact of nanoparticle shape, surface modification, influence of nanoparticle size and concentration, surface defects, ion release of used nanoparticles, charge on the surface of the nanoparticles, and generation of reactive oxygen species, are described in other sections. It can be concluded that being familiar with all the existence method’s advantages, disadvantages and application range can reduce the challenge of method selection that providing relevant and reliable information about antimicrobial activity of NPs.