Toilet training interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia;2. Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom;3. Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia;1. Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China;2. Department of Pediatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China;1. School of Psychology, University of East London, United Kingdom;2. Autism Research Group, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;2. Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada;3. CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;4. Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada;5. Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France;6. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;7. MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom;8. Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom;9. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany;10. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;11. Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom;12. NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;13. Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;14. PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China;15. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada;p. GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Centre de Référence des maladies rares à expression psychiatrique, Pôle PEPIT, Paris, France;1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundChildren on the autism spectrum can often reach independence in toileting at a later age than nonautistic children, which impacts their health outcomes, independence and social participation. This study aimed to systematically review evidence-based toilet training interventions for children on the autism spectrum, and assess the quality of existing evidence.MethodGuided by the PRISMA statement, a search of scholarly databases was conducted and the study characteristics, methodological quality and intervention components of included studies were examined.ResultsThis systematic review identified 26 studies that evaluated toilet training interventions for children on the autism spectrum. Results identified that while Azrin and Foxx’s (1971) Rapid Toilet Training approach is most widely researched for children on the autism spectrum, investigating the effects of current toilet training approaches is limited by small sample sizes, low-level study designs and variable methods of reporting outcomes.ConclusionGreater consideration of parent-child communication, children’s developmental and toileting skill level may facilitate development of toileting approaches that better meet the needs of children on the autism spectrum and their families. |
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| Keywords: | Autism spectrum disorder Autistic disorder Children Toilet training Systematic review |
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