The role of sphingolipids in meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface inflammation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA;2. Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th St, Miami, FL, 33125, USA;3. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA;4. Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Hamilton Eye Institute, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA;5. Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA;1. Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;2. Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;3. Ocular Surface Imaging Center, Cornea & Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile;5. Contact Lens Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA;6. Contact Lens Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Inflammation occurs in response to tissue injury and invasion of microorganisms and is carried out by the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are regulated by numerous chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators. There are four major families of bioactive lipid mediators that play an integral role in inflammation – eicosanoids, sphingolipids (SPL), specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM), and endocannabinoids. SPL have been historically recognized as important structural components of cellular membranes; their roles as bioactive lipids and inflammatory mediators are recent additions. Major SPL metabolites, including sphingomyelin, ceramide, ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and their respective enzymes have been studied extensively, primarily in cell-culture and animal models, for their roles in cellular signaling and regulating inflammation and apoptosis. Less focus has been given to the involvement of SPL in eye diseases. As such, the aim of this review was to examine relationships between the SPL family and ocular surface diseases, focusing on their role in disease pathophysiology and discussing the potential of therapeutics that disrupt SPL pathways. |
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| Keywords: | Ocular surface Inflammation Dry eye Meibomian gland dysfunction Lipid signaling Sphingolipid Ceramide Sphingomyelin Sphingosine 1-phosphate Ceramide 1-phosphate |
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