Protective activities of ellagic acid and urolithins against kidney toxicity of environmental pollutants: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;2. Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;3. Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;1. School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, 404 Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang 621000, China;3. School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;5. School of Environmental and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;1. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;2. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;3. Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-717 Olsztyn, Poland;1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India;2. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine;3. National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine;4. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;5. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine;6. Andrei Krupynskyi Lviv Medical Academy, Lviv, Ukraine;1. Biochemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt;2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura 7723730, Egypt;4. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt;5. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt;6. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt;7. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;8. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, P.O.Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia;9. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt;10. PharmD program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia;11. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia;12. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia |
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| Abstract: | Oxidative stress and inflammation are two possible mechanisms related to nephrotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants. Ellagic acid, a powerful antioxidant phytochemical, may have great relevance in mitigating pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity and preventing the progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the latest findings on the protective effects of ellagic acid, its metabolic derivatives, the urolithins, against kidney toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and organic air pollutants. We describe the chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic properties of ellagic acid to attenuate nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we present the molecular targets and signaling pathways that are regulated by these antioxidants, and suggest some others that should be explored. Nevertheless, the number of reports is still limited to establish the efficacy of ellagic acid against kidney damage induced by environmental pollutants. Therefore, additional preclinical studies on this topic are required, as well as the development of well-designed clinical trials. |
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| Keywords: | Antioxidant agents Kidney injury Heavy metals Pesticides Mycotoxins Air pollutants |
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