Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors in the brain: Physiological and pathological aspects |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;2. Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (LHCRIR), Rambam-Health Care Campus, P.O. Box 9602, Haifa 31096, Israel |
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Abstract: | The involvement of insulin, the insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) and their receptors in central nervous system development and function has been the focus of scientific interest for more than 30 years. The insulin-like peptides, both locally-produced proteins as well as those transported from the circulation into the brain via the blood–brain barrier, are involved in a myriad of biological activities. These actions include, among others, neuronal survival, neurogenes, angiogenesis, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, regulation of food intake, and cognition. In recent years, a linkage between brain insulin/IGF1 and certain neuropathologies has been identified. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a correlation between diabetes (mainly type 2) and Alzheimer׳s disease. In addition, an aberrant decline in IGF1 values was suggested to play a role in the development of Alzheimer׳s disease. The present review focuses on the expression and function of insulin, IGFs and their receptors in the brain in physiological and pathological conditions. |
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Keywords: | Insulin Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Insulin receptors Diabetes Alzheimer׳s disease |
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