Physiological evidence of a deficit to enhance the empathic response in schizophrenia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Connecticut Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA;2. Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200, Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, USA;3. Division of Neuropsychiatry, Yowa Hospital, 3-5-1 Kamigoto, Yonago, Tottori 6830841, Japan;4. VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychology Service 116B, VACHS, 950, Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA;1. Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland;2. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;3. Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, rue de Lausanne 20, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;4. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;5. Alcohol Treatment Center, University Hospital of Lausanne, avenue Beaumont 21 bis, Pavillon 2, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. Mental Health Unit, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force, Israel;2. Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;3. Geha Mental Health Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 7 Ha’avoda Street, POB 323, Givea’t Shemuel, Tel Aviv, Israel;1. Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;2. Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;3. Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;4. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;5. Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;1. Centre for Disability Research and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Unit of Mental Health Policy, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;2. InGenis Consulting Group, Barcelona, Spain;3. Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain;4. Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;5. Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;6. Centre d’Atenció Primària de Constantí, Institut Català de la Salut, Catalonia, Spain, and Institut d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Empathy is crucial for maintaining effective social interactions. Research has identified both an early-emotional sharing and a late-cognitive component of empathy. Although considered a functionally vital social cognition process, empathy has scarcely been studied in schizophrenia (SZ). We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the temporal dynamics of empathic response in 19 patients with SZ and 18 matched healthy controls (HC) using an empathy for physical pain paradigm. Participants responded to pictures of hands in neutral and painful situations in an active empathic condition and one manipulated by task demands. Additionally, subjective ratings of the stimuli and empathic self-reports were collected. People with SZ had (1) decreased early-emotional ERP responses to pictures of others in pain; (2) decreased modulation by attention of late-cognitive ERP responses; (3) lower ratings of perspective taking and higher ratings of personal distress which were both related to decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (4) a significant relationship between high affective overlap between somebody else's pain and their own pain and decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (5) a distinct relationship between regulatory deficits in late-cognitive empathy and functioning. Patients had present but reduced early and late empathy-related ERPs. Patients also reported increased personal distress when faced with distress in others. The late ERP responses are thought to be associated with self-regulation and response modulation. The magnitude of these late responses was inversely associated with reported levels of personal distress in both patients and controls. Additionally, regulatory deficits in cognitive empathy were highly related with deficits in functioning. Decreased ability to regulate one's own emotional engagement and response to emotions of others may be an important source of distress and dysfunction in social situations for patients with schizophrenia. |
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| Keywords: | Schizophrenia Social cognition Empathy Emotion regulation Personal distress Event-related potentials |
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