Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer risk: More to the story than just pack-years |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;2. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;3. School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;4. Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia;1. Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Dept. of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;3. TNO Technical Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands;4. The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Breast Unit, London, United Kingdom;5. Dept. of General Medical Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium;6. Dept. of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom;1. Department of Medical Oncology, Pitié-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France;2. Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy CRLC Val d’Aurelle, Montpellier, France;3. Department of Oncology, Beaujon-Bichat Inter-Hospital, Clichy, France;4. Department of Pathology, Jean Perrin Center and EA 4677 ERTICa, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. Liverpool Hepatobiliary Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK;2. University of Liverpool Management School, Chatham Street, Liverpool L69 7ZH, UK;3. Department of Radiology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK;1. Dipartimento di Patologia Umana “Gaetano Barresi”, Università degli Studi di Messina, A.O.U. “Policlinico G. Martino”, Messina, Italy;2. Dipartimento Anatomia, Patologia diagnostica, Medicina legale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Catania, “Policlinico G. Rodolico”, Catania, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Patologia Umana, Università di degli Studi Palermo, A.O.U. “Policlinico Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy;5. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, A.O.U. “S. Maria della Misericordia”, Perugia, Italy;1. Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;2. Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin 300060, China |
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| Abstract: | PurposeCigarette smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the effects of independent smoking dimensions (duration, intensity, cumulative dose and time since quitting) on risk estimates. We analysed data from the Queensland Pancreatic Cancer Study (QPCS), an Australian population-based case-control study, with the aim of determining which smoking component is primarily important to pancreatic cancer risk.MethodsOur study included 705 pancreatic cancer patients and 711 controls. Logistic regression and generalised additive logistic regression (for non-linear dose effects) were used to determine odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsCompared to never-smokers, current smokers had an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 3.4; 95% CI 2.4–5.0) after adjustment for age, sex, education, alcohol intake and birth country. Of the various smoking dimensions, smoking duration and time since quitting had a greater effect on OR estimates (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.4 and OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7–0.8) than smoking intensity (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9–1.2), once ever-smoking was accounted for.ConclusionsThis study confirms the association between cigarette smoking and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and provides evidence to suggest that smoking pattern, in addition to dose effect, may affect disease risk. |
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| Keywords: | Pancreatic neoplasms Smoking Risk factors |
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