Impact of primary negative symptoms on functional outcomes in schizophrenia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China;2. Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore 20221, USA;3. National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China;4. Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China;1. University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA;2. San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA;3. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA;4. Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveNegative symptoms are known to undermine functional outcomes in people with schizophrenia; however, most studies have not accounted for whether these symptoms were primary or secondary to other psychopathological factors. The present study examined the impact of primary negative symptoms on functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.MethodThe sample included 1427 patients with schizophrenia who completed the baseline visit in the CATIE study. Symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Calgary Depression Scale, extrapyramidal side effects with the Simpson-Angus scale, and functional status with the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale.ResultsNegative symptoms were significantly and inversely related to each domain of functioning examined. These relationships remained after statistically controlling for the influence of potential sources of secondary negative symptoms. In addition, the relationships between negative symptoms and specific domains of functioning remained in patients who had mild/absent positive, depressive, anxiety and extrapyramidal symptoms. Negative symptoms were associated with functional outcomes even in antipsychotic-free patients.ConclusionsPrimary negative symptoms significantly contribute to the functional impairment seen in people with schizophrenia. A better understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of these symptoms is required to guide the search for effective therapeutics that promote functional recovery. |
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| Keywords: | Schizophrenia Functional outcome Negative symptoms Primary symptoms Avolition-Apathy Psychosocial functioning |
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