护理学向科学迈进的沿革--介绍美国护理科学探索过程

专业的关键特征之一是拥有一个完整的理论知识体系。护理要从一个职业发展成为一门专业,必须建立和发展能够指导护理实践的科学知识体系。然而,什么是护理学所特有的、能够作为护理实践基础的知识体系呢?其实质又是什么呢?护理界,尤其是美国的护理界,为了寻找这两个问题的答案,进行了孜孜不倦的探索,为护理学科的发展做出了很大的贡献,但在发展过程中同时也出现了一些误区。美国的护理学科发展主要经历了5个不同的时期,从建立护理专业知识体系的思想形成,到改革护理教育的课程设置和课程内容、大力开展护理科研、进行护理研究生教育以及建立和发展护理理论,虽然每个发展时期的努力重点各不相同,但其努力的目标和方向始终是一致的,那就是要建立和发展护理学科特有的理论知识体系,使护理学成为一门专业。

Towards Development of Nursing as a Science-American Nurses' Efforts

A theoretical body of knowledge is an essential attribution of, and one main criterion for the consideration of nursing as a profession. To make nursing move from vocation toward profession, nurses must be able to identify clearly and develop continually the scientific body of knowledge upon which to base nursing practice. Although there has been failure during the evolution the nursing profession, nursling's quest to answer the question of the nature of knowledge, which is specific to nursing, needed for the practice of nursing has been the driving force to shape our profession by guiding nurses, especially nurses in the United States, to make their efforts in various directions toward nursing becoming a profession. Five eras in the evolution of nursing profession in the United States has been identified with the emphases shifting from on the beginning of the view that nurses needed knowledge to guide and improve nursing practice, through the standardization of curricula and content for nursing education , conduction of nursing research , development of graduate education, and toward the development of nursing theory. Despite the difference of emphases during each era, the constant force has been the identification and development of specialized theoretical nursing knowledge needed to guide nursing practice to meet the criterion for the consideration of nursing as a profession.