Chemical and cytokine features of innate immunity characterize serum and tissue profiles in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) arises from inappropriate activation of the mucosal immune system resulting in a state of chronic inflammation with causal links to colon cancer. Helicobacter hepaticus-infected Rag2^−/− mice emulate many aspects of human IBD, and our recent work using this experimental model highlights the importance of neutrophils in the pathology of colitis. To define molecular mechanisms linking colitis to the identity of disease biomarkers, we performed a translational comparison of protein expression and protein damage products in tissues of mice and human IBD patients. Analysis in inflamed mouse colons identified the neutrophil- and macrophage-derived damage products 3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) and 3-nitrotyrosine, both of which increased with disease duration. Analysis also revealed higher Cl-Tyr levels in colon relative to serum in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. The DNA chlorination damage product, 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine, was quantified in diseased human colon samples and found to be present at levels similar to those in inflamed mouse colons. Multivariate analysis of these markers, together with serum proteins and cytokines, revealed a general signature of activated innate immunity in human IBD. Signatures in ulcerative colitis sera were strongly suggestive of neutrophil activity, and those in Crohn disease and mouse sera were suggestive of both macrophage and neutrophil activity. These data point to innate immunity as a major determinant of serum and tissue profiles and provide insight into IBD disease processes.Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammatory disease that arises through unknown genetic, environmental, and bacterial origins (1, 2). Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are the two main forms of IBD, and their incidence is increasing in industrialized countries (3). Furthermore, IBD is a risk factor for the development of colon cancer (4). Although the specific determinants remain elusive, persistent inflammation is believed to play a significant role in colon cancer development (5).Neutrophil recruitment and activation are key steps in the intestinal innate immune response observed in IBD (6–8), and studies with animal models of colitis highlight the relationship between neutrophil infiltration and disease severity (9–11). We recently reported results of a comprehensive analysis of histopathology, changes in gene expression, and nucleic acid damage occurring during progression of lower bowel disease in Rag2^−/− mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) (10). This mouse model emulates many aspects of human IBD, and infected mice develop severe colitis that progress into colon carcinoma, with pronounced pathology in the cecum and proximal colon marked by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages (12, 13).Phagocytes produce strong oxidants and radicals that damage cellular macromolecules and promote tissue damage at sites of inflammation (14–16). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an abundant enzyme in neutrophils that produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and chloride ion (17, 18). HOCl can oxidize and chlorinate DNA, proteins, and lipids (19, 20). A prominent target of HOCl is tyrosine, which leads to the formation of the stable aromatic residue, 3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) (21, 22). MPO also produces chlorinating species that react with DNA to form chlorinated adducts such as 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Cl-dC) (23), the presence of which was identified in colon tissue of H. hepaticus-infected Rag2^−/− mice (10). This modification of DNA may provide a mechanistic link between neutrophil activity and colitis-associated carcinoma (10, 24, 25).Macrophages also contribute to the array of oxidants and radicals at sites of inflammation through release of nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) enzyme. NO reacts with superoxide anion (O₂^−•) at diffusion-controlled rates to yield highly reactive peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) (26, 27). MPO also reacts H₂O₂ with nitrite (NO₂⁻, the endpoint of cellular NO oxidation) to produce the strong nitrating agent, nitrogen dioxide radical (NO₂^•) (28). Both NO₂^• and ONOO⁻ can react with tyrosine residues to generate the stable tyrosine nitration product, 3-nitrotyrosine (Nitro-Tyr) (29, 30).Multiple MS methods have been applied for determination of Cl-Tyr and Nitro-Tyr levels in biological systems (10, 31–38), and both have been detected in inflamed tissues from animals and humans (11, 39). The presence of Nitro-Tyr has been demonstrated in colon tissue of IBD patients by immunohistochemistry, and levels were reported to correlate with disease activity (40, 41). We undertook the present study to test the null hypothesis that the H. hepaticus-infected mouse model of colitis and colitis-associated carcinoma represents a useful surrogate of human IBD. To examine this hypothesis, we first quantified levels of Nitro-Tyr and Cl-Tyr in proteins and 5-Cl-dC in DNA of colon tissues of IBD patients. Comparison of these data with our previous findings (10) further assessed the validity of this animal model. We then tested the hypothesis that inflammation-induced damage in the colon would be reflected in changes in serum constituents, and would therefore serve as a noninvasive measure of IBD activity. For this purpose, we determined levels of protein chlorination and nitration products, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and chemokines in human and mouse sera. In addition, gene expression of several inflammatory signaling molecules was monitored in mice colons to determine whether colonic inflammation was directly associated with serum cytokine levels. We then used multivariate analysis to determine which systemic inflammatory markers in serum were most closely associated with disease activity and were also common to human IBD and H. hepaticus-associated colitis in Rag2^−/− mice.