Incidence and risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders of the elbow in baseball pitchers: a systematic review of the literature |
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| Authors: | Chris Grant,Taylor Tuff,Melissa Corso,James J. Young,Paula J. Stern,Elie Cô té ,Pierre Cô té |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Division of Graduate Studies, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Canada; 2.Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada; 3.Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 4.Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation at Ontario Tech University and CMCC |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders of the elbow in baseball pitchers.DesignSystematic review.Data SourcesMedline, CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed and SportDiscus from onset to July 7, 2018.Eligibility CriteriaEligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies. Independent pairs of reviewers screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Relevant articles were critically appraised for internal validity using the SIGN criteria. We included low risk of bias studies in our best evidence synthesis.ResultsWe retrieved 4502 articles, 39 were critically appraised and nine had a low risk of bias. These were included in the evidence synthesis. The incidence of musculoskeletal disorders of the elbow ranges from 2.3% in adolescent pitchers to 40.6% in youth pitchers. Evidence suggests that pitch characteristics, inadequate rest, biomechanical and anthropometric factors may be risk factors of UCL tears.Summary/ConclusionBaseball pitchers develop musculoskeletal disorders of the elbow. There is little high-quality evidence to understand the etiology. Preliminary evidence suggests the risk factors are multifactorial.PROSPERO Trial Registration Number: CRD42018092081 |
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| Keywords: | baseball elbow epidemiology injury |
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