Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of Asarum and Aristolochia

Wild ginger, Asarum canadense, which has folk uses as a medicinal and food plant, has been reported to contain aristolochic acid I. Rhizomes of North American species of Aristolochiaceae were surveyed for the presence of aristolochic acids by HPLC. Aristolochic acid I (1) and aristolochic acid II (2) were present in Aristolochia species and Hexastylis; 1 alone was detected in multiple accessions of A. canadense and Asarum caudatum, though not in Asarum wagneri. Concentrations in A. canadense were highly variable, reaching as much as 0.037 percent of dry weight.