Administration of plasmids expressing interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 causes BALB/c mice to induce a T helper 2-type response despite the expected T helper 1-type response with a low-dose infection of Leishmania major

BALB/c mice are susceptible to developing an infection with Leishmania major as a result of a fatal T helper 2 (Th2)-type response. However, mice infected with a low dose of parasites are reported to be able to overcome the lesions associated with a T helper 1 (Th1)-type response. To clarify why a difference in the dose of parasites induces a difference in the polarization of the Th phenotype, we first attempted to measure cytokine production. Soon after infection, the mice given high doses of parasites produced elevated levels of both Th1 interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)] and Th2 interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] cytokines. However, when assessed at 1 and 2 weeks after infection, no significant difference in the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines could be detected between mice infected with low or high doses of L. major. These results support the notion that the Th2 cytokine levels at an early phase of infection could be a key factor for the induction of a Th2 response. In order to assess the efficacy of Th2 cytokines, the mice infected with low doses of L. major were co-administered IL-4 plasmid and IL-10 plasmid. Consequently, the mice (which originally exhibited a Th1 response) showed progressive disease and developed a Th2 response. However, administration of these plasmids at 7 days postinfection could not alter the Th polarization. Furthermore, production of IL-12 from the spleen cells stimulated by L. major was suppressed in the presence of IL-4 and IL-10. These results strongly suggest that the susceptibility to L. major in BALB/c mice depends on the persistence of Th2 cytokine levels at an early phase of infection.