Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation |
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| Authors: | Berger Andrea Kofman Ora Livneh Uri Henik Avishai |
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| Affiliation: | Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. andrea@bgu.ac.il |
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| Abstract: | During infancy and early childhood, children develop their ability to regulate their own emotions and behavior. This development of self-regulatory mechanisms has been considered to be the crucial link between genetic predisposition, early experience, and later adult functioning in society. This paper brings together the updated empirical findings related to the role of attention and the maturation of brain frontal areas in self-regulation. It reviews viewpoints and evidence of disciplines such as developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, social psychology, and neurobiology. It examines the causes of individual differences in self-regulation and the effects of those differences on the social and academic functioning of the individual. The consequences of failure in self-regulation are illustrated by focusing on the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including a detailed review of the animal models related to this disorder. Finally, some initial evidence suggesting the possibility of fostering self-regulation through training of attention is presented. |
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| Keywords: | 5-CSRT, five-choice serial reaction time 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine ACC, anterior cingulate cortex ACh, acetylcholine ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder AMPH, amphetamine ANT, attention network test ATP, adenosine triphosphate BOLD, blood oxygen level-dependent CPT, continuous performance task D2, dopamine-2 DA, dopaminergic DAT, dopamine transporter DG, deoxyglucose DCCS, dimensional change card sorting DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DRL, differential reinforcement of low rate DTI, diffusion tensor imaging EEG, electroencephalogram EF, executive function ERP, event-related potential ERT, empathy response task FCN, fixed consecutive number fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging g, general intelligence GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid GLAST, glutamate aspartate transporter GLT, glutamate transporter IL, infra limbic IQ, intelligence quotient ITI, inter-trial interval KO, knock out LPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex MR, magnetic resonance MPH, methylphenidate MS, maternal separation NAC, nucleus accumbens NET, noradrenergic transporter OFC, orbito frontal cortex PATHS, promoting alternative thinking strategies PFC, prefrontal cortex RT, reaction time SFG, superior frontal gyrus SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat SMA, supplementary motor area SOA, stimulus onset asynchrony SSRI, specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex VPC, visual paired comparison VTA, ventral tegmental area WKY, Wister–Kyoto strain |
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